Monthly Archives: August 2022

Christmas VI: Home for the Holidays

Christopher Rush

Don’t get me wrong: I enjoy being a teacher.  But we all enjoy a break from the rigors of academic life once in a while, and since the end-of-the-calendar year holidays are especially enjoyable, spending them at home away is always the way to go, if it can happen.  Certainly we at Redeeming Pandora are grateful for and to the men and women in the armed services who spend the holidays (and months of the year and more) away from home, oftentimes in dangerous situations.  Being a teacher has never yielded challenges such as those, no matter how much we may rail against certain excursions into the backwaters (or floodwaters) of rural Chesapeake.  So I hope I have a proper perspective on the extremely blessed life I have lived, especially having usually been able to enjoy several weeks off each year during the holidays.  Sure, some years have been better than others, but we all experience that.

We’ve covered just about every subject by now in these holiday tradition articles, so it may be about time next year to revisit some old topics and see how life and things have changed over the years (when we began this enterprise, my wife and I had a four-month-old daughter — now we have a seven-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son, so some things have changed indeed).  For now, I’d like to wrap up 2016, a challenging year for a lot of people for a variety of reasons (some of them even real), with a few thoughts on one of my favorite holiday traditions: playing video games for hours and hours and hours and hours.

I believe I have mentioned once upon a time there was a decently-sized stretch of holiday vacations in which I played Illusion of Gaia to its completion on Christmas Eve.  The tradition started even before that with annual year-end plays of StarTropics.  Some of the best Christmas breaks, though, featured lengthy plays of my favorite video game of all time, Final Fantasy VI.  Some day soon I’d like to get back into that game, but first I have an obligation to my children to finish ChronoTrigger.  We started that a year ago, but things and time and such got away from us this summer, so I still have to finish that up.  In recent Christmas breaks, I’ve been playing more PS3 games, such as the Uncharted and God of War series (nothing says Christmas in this day and age like slaughtering Greek gods).  Some of the Batman Arkham series have also started to associate themselves with Christmastime.  Two main reasons explain this phenomenon: Christmastime is one of the few times of the year in which I have the freedom (and life energy) to play videogames; also, popular videogames get very inexpensive if you wait a year or two after their release, and thus make excellent stocking stuffers, and what would Christmas be without playing with your new toys/games?

Moments ago I mentioned I didn’t complete ChronoTrigger this past summer with my kids (I do most of the playing, they sit back and enjoy the story; it works out well for everyone, really).  This was because I got distracted by another trip down memory lane, which happens to be the main subject of this oddly-themed Christmas article: Final Fantasy XII.

FFXII is at worst my third-favorite game, behind FFVI and ChronoTrigger, and it has been making some ground on ChronoTrigger.  I admit I have not completed the entire game, though I have spent a fair amount of time playing it (over 130 hours, if the internal chronometer is to be believed), but I have played enough to get a good understanding of it.  I played it shortly after it first came out, a decade ago, but somehow life’s circumstances took me away before I could make it all the way to the end (I suspect our move from Virginia Beach had something to do with it).  For some time, I had a desire to get back into it, and this past summer I just decided to go for it.  And that’s mostly how I spent my summer vacation, and, hopefully, a fair amount of my Christmas vacation.

The Story

You know I wouldn’t spoil anything without warning you in advance, but one of the benefits of not knowing the ending myself is I can’t tell you about it, so I will focus on the basics.  FFXII takes place on the world of Ivalice, possibly the most fully-realized world in Final Fantasy history, in that it has a rich, noticeable history and a palpable present, with all nations and races full and developed and interactive.  Even the great FFVI suffers in this respect at times: you’ll show up in a new part of the world because the game wants to introduce a new character, not because this location has a meaningful connection to the places you’ve already been.  This is not so in FFXII: all races, all nations, all cities are aware of the others — they don’t always get along, of course, but the world is connected very cohesively.

Ivalice, like all worlds, has various nations, some of which prefer to have more international political power than others.  The Archadian Empire has fallen into unscrupulous hands, and it is starting to gobble up surrounding nations.  The Rozarrian Empire on the other side of the world is not terribly happy with that.  Caught in the middle of these two war-impending empires is the Resistance.  This is basically where our heroes come in.  Various survivors of previous wars and insurrections (and other economic considerations) have banded together to reclaim what was once theirs, to fight for the freedom of the people, and to make the world a safe place of justice and freedom once again.  The usual stuff of great stories.

What makes FFXII different, though, from the typical rebels vs. empire stories is both how unobtrusive this main storyline is to the playing of the game as well as the very engaging past of the world, as our heroes spend a good deal of their time learning about the past and its relics to understand present-day conflicts and solutions (it’s a great lesson for us today, as well).

I say the main storyline is unobtrusive, but I don’t mean it’s dull or short—only that you can enjoy playing this game for hours on end on enjoyable side-quests and level raising and whatnot and the game will not punish you for taking so long between plot points.  Yes, there are important plot points and cut scenes and “once you do this you can never go back to how it was” events that change the game, but the game gives you plenty of warning and opportunity to commit to them or come back later if you need to raise levels, upgrade weapons and armor, restock your provisions, or whatever.  You do need to advance the story some times to get access to the better equipment and spells and things, but by that point in the game, you’re ready and eager for it, anyway.

Magic is a key part of all Final Fantasy games, but one of the reasons I like FFVI so much is the significant magic vs. technology subplot.  It’s not just conjuring up dark spirits to tamper in God’s domain.  Similarly, FFXII takes the idea of magic and connects it to technology and supernatural forces, but one is never given the impression your spells are aligning you with the forces of darkness.  The more you learn about your world’s past, and the forces that have shaped it for good and ill, the more your understanding of the supernatural and magic grows (always a good thing).  The game doesn’t give you the impression the divine is just aliens you can control or conquer — in fact, the many characters of religious faith are presented in the best light as anyone in the game.

On the journey to gather allies, learn about the world, and attempt to stop a war before it destroys the world, our heroes find out some forces within the Archadian Empire are also working toward peace — but other forces are working to make the magic even more dangerous (thanks to technology), and we must take a more active role in the conflict for the slam-bang finish.  That’s where I am in the game: a few events away from the finish.  I’ll let you know how it goes (I hope).

The Characters

Once you get past a brief introductory scene that familiarizes you to the game mechanics and a bit of the backstory to the main conflicts involved, the game begins with our main character, Vaan, a refugee street urchin working odd jobs for a local merchant with big dreams of becoming a sky pirate (like a regular pirate, but on a flying airship).  He has a lot of anger inside because of the losses he has suffered at the hands of the Archadian Empire, but on the whole he is an optimistic, energetic young guy who wants to see the world, treat people well, and learn (though he’s not yet so mature he knows it’s impolite to ask a woman her age).  Even though Vaan has some significant connections to the major conflicts of the overarching story, he acts mostly as our advocate in the world, observing and learning, with little direct involvement in the present storyline itself (sort of like Nick Carroway in The Great Gatsby).

Vaan’s street urchin friend Penelo is the first other main character we meet once the present storyline begins, though she is the last to join the group.  She, too, has suffered because of the Archadian Empire, but she, too, tries to keep her spirits up even in these troubled times.  Part of the reason even the homeless are chipper at the start of the game is because the Empire hasn’t shown its true colors yet and material prosperity seems to be back again (odd how people are quick to ignore political morasses when personal economy seems healthy).  Regardless, Penelo vows to keep her eye on her good friend Vaan for his own good.  You’d think there’d be a bigger love interest story with these two, but there isn’t (and that’s not so bad).

The main story of our heroic rebels actually centers on Ashe (short for Ashelia), the young princess of our country Dalmasca who is leading the Resistance in disguise.  It is her role to travel through the world, learn about her heritage and connection to the magical forces at work in the world (in her effort to destroy all magic once and for all), and restore Dalmasca’s freedom from the Empire (with or without destroying the Empire in the process).  Her dominance in the ongoing storyline lends one to think of her as the main character instead of Vaan, but don’t let that bother you.  Instead, think of it as a clever element of the game to give all the main group members a significant amount of screen time.

The brawn of the group is another loyal son of Dalmasca, Basch.  We actually meet him in the prologue scenario, in which it seems his loyalty is a sham, but that is cleared up within about twenty minutes of playing the game, so I’m not spoiling anything, really.  Plus, since he’s on the cover with all the other heroes, you know he’s got to be a good guy.  He, too, has strong connections to the Empire and the overarching stories.  Suffice it to say, despite his potential loyalty conflicts (I don’t want to spoil things for you, but let’s just say he has a brother who’s a high-ranking official for the Empire), he is a key member of the team, especially as his knowledge and experience guide the group during many side quests and even main plot events.  Plus, as I said, he’s really strong against non-magical monsters, so giving him a war hammer or heavy axe and letting him have at it is pretty fun to watch.

Rounding out our main group (a comparatively miniscule group of six heroes, contrasted to the cast of fourteen in FFVI), we have a pair of real-life sky pirates: Balthier and Fran.  Fran is a Viera (basically, a race of human-looking aliens … with bunny ears — but it looks far less silly than it sounds, believe me), and as such she has a strong connection to the magical elements of the world (called Mist), which makes her a strong magic user, though she’s also good with a bow.  Balthier and Fran are basically the Han and Chewie of the team, if that helps, and, like Han, Balthier thinks he is the leading man of the story, adding a rather humorous element to a number of cut scenes and character interactions (and a lot of people seem to believe him, since Vaan oftentimes takes a narrative backseat to the other characters on the team).  Balthier, too, has a strong connection to the Empire that causes him a good deal of pain, which he usually glosses over with charm and skillfully deflecting our attention to other things.  He wants us to think he’s only helping the Resistance for the potential reward Ashe will give him when she regains her throne, but there’s more to it than that (yes, it’s that old story, but it comes off with enough differences that it’s not just a banal Star Wars rip-off).  Fran, likewise, has outsider issues, being far from home and her race and having spent possibly too much time with the humans (“humes” in this game).  I know that, too, sounds awfully familiar, but the game presents her character conflicts in fresh ways, even with the archetypal aspects to it all.

Along the way, our heroes gain temporary allies, travel the world, gain levels, make friends, restore order, learn lessons, raise levels, buy items, locate runaway cockatrices, save the world (I assume) and so much more.  With a small cast of main characters this time, combined with the still-impressive cut screen (in-game movies) technology and voice acting, we really get to spend a good deal of time getting to know them, see them interact (which is usually the highlight of games and stories and such as this), and connect with them in multiple ways like any good characters from “literature.”  Just because these characters and their story are in a video game does not make them any less meaningful or engaging as Hamlet or Walter Lee Younger or Nora Helmer or Anna Karenina or any of the highbrow gang.  They are just as real, too.  You can scoff, sure; I can take it.  But if we live in a world that tells us people who transport a ball of air around a hardwood court or grass yard are heroes to be followed and emulated and lauded (and financially supported), I think it’s fair to say characters in a game with meaningful conflicts and needs and hopes and heartaches and dreams that resonate within us, characters with which we have a direct involvement through our decisions as game players, are just as real as literary heroes, historical heroes, and athletic heroes.  And I know I’m not the only one who thinks that way.  Plus, I’m a published author.  You can trust me.

The Distinctives

So what’s so special about FFXII?  How can you play for hours and hours without advancing the story (and have fun doing it, more than just the RPG-requisite level raising)?  Here are just a few of the many enjoyable aspects of FFXII that make for a great holiday (or summertime) vacation pastime.

The Gambit System — in most videogame role-playing games, you have to manually tell all your characters what to do during every encounter: you fight that monster, you cast that spell, you use that item, round after round after round.  FFXII does away with all that button pushing with the clever gambit system: dozens and dozens of context-sensitive commands you can “pre-program” for your characters to handle virtually all encounters without you having to tell them what to do every single time.  Once you get the hang of it, it becomes a real time and thumb saver.  You’ll be tinkering with and adjusting it throughout the game, plus you’ll be telling your characters what to do plenty, so there’s no loss of interactivity or feeling of control/guidance of these characters.  All that’s lost is the repetitive nonsense.

The Battle System — unlike most RPGs that feature random encounters with monsters to give you experience (to raise levels and attributes and whatnot) and money (to buy new armor, weapons, items, etc.), FFXII gives us the “open world” feeling of seeing where all the enemies are, just like you are there in the plains, on the mountain path, in the castle, or wherever you are — you can actually see where the enemies/monsters are in the world.  This makes so much more sense, and combined with the gambit system, you can have fun raising levels by running around the world, watching your heroes act and react naturally, all the while enjoying the fantastic musical score by Hitoshi Sakimoto (seriously, many of the themes of the soundtrack are gorgeous aural experiences).  Additionally, unlike the usual “you get 287 gold pieces for defeating those blue slimes” (as if monsters would carry human currency), FFXII eliminates that thematic discrepancy by having you pick up “loot” from the foes you defeat:, loot that makes sense: wolves drop pelts, for example; bats drop fangs; skeletons drop bones and iron swords they were carrying.  You, then, take the loot you pick up from your fallen foe (just like epic heroes) and sell it all back in towns for money, which you can use to buy what you need from other shops.  Plus, the game has bonuses for fighting similar kinds of monsters, developing “battle chains” that can result in better and better loot as you take the time to stay and fight and raise levels — the game rewards you in many ways for doing what the game effectively requires you to do, making the gameplay experience that much more enjoyable.  Plus plus, it makes a lot more thematic sense.

Crystals, Travel, and Non-linearity — as convenient as it used to be in older Final Fantasy games to be able to save your game practically anywhere in the world (other than in dungeons or in the middle of certain levels or areas except for special save spots), the hassle of having to buy cabins or tents or staying at inns sometimes meant a good deal of precious gold pieces going to that.  The save crystals in FFXII eliminate that problem (I know earlier entries in the series use similar objects, like FFX, but they make better sense in FFXII).  True, you don’t get some of the great nighttime dream sequences or cut scenes like in FFVI, but that’s a small price to pay for not having a price to pay.

Another convenience of certain save spot crystals in FFXII indeed are the orange transport crystals that allow you to instantaneously travel to various parts of the world you’ve been to before in the game, at the small cost of one teleport crystal.  These don’t cost very much gp, and soon enough in the game you’ll have acquired so many of them anyway through picking up loot from fallen monsters, rewards for special tasks you accomplish, and other events in the game you may likely go through the whole game without paying for a single transportation crystal.  As much as I love FFVI (and IV), so much of the first part of the game is a niggling feeling of “boy, when I get my airship, I’ll be able to go anywhere, do anything…” and suddenly you realize you are exactly like Vaan in FFXII, waiting for the freedom of travel.  The teleport crystals in FFXII eliminate that feeling of impatience and limitation almost immediately in the game (which is like, thirty minutes of game time, small potatoes considering how long you will be playing it).  You’d think you’d have Balthier and Fran’s airship early in the game when they join the party permanently, but events in the game damage the ship so you are on foot for most of the game.  This does require you to walk through large sections of the world until you get to the various teleport crystals, but this is more beneficial for you, since it gives you the opportunity to fight monsters, gain experience, gain loot, raise levels (all the nitty gritty of classic RPGs, though made more fun be all the developments enumerated above).

These teleport crystals are possibly the key enabler of freedom from the main story.  I mentioned earlier the story is fairly unobtrusive for most of the game, and this is true depending on how you play Final Fantasy XII.  With the teleport crystals, you can easily leave the main palace or dungeon or next key plot point before you enter it, transport yourself somewhere else in the world, and spend hours doing sidequests or level raising or whatever, then teleport back to where the game “wants” you to be without any of the AI characters any wiser or frustrated at your “dilatory” behavior.  That is true freedom you want in a game like this.

Growth — raising levels is considered by some jackanapes a “necessary evil” of RPGs: as the game progresses, the enemies get harder, you have to get stronger, faster, you need more hit points, more magic points, et cetera et cetera et cetera.  These same Tom Fool wastrels use unkind words to describe the process of raising levels, fighting monsters somewhat mindlessly for hours on end solely to gain experience and dosh to get your characters stronger and buy them better stuff.  I admit, for most RPGs, the process of gaining levels can be somewhat tedious, but as we have already indicated, that does not apply to FFXII.  The background music, the gambit system, the onscreen encounters all add up to the most enjoyable level-raising experiences in RPGs (surpassing even FFVI in this respect, yes).  But that’s not the point here.  The point here is in addition to all that, level raising in FFXII is more than just getting your characters to their programmed maximum attributes: similar to (but improved from) FFX’s “sphere grid” system, FFXII uses the “license board” to allow you to customize each character.  You decide what spells they learn, what weapons they can use, what armor they can use, and other customizable elements.  As indicated above, some characters are naturally better at some skills than others (Ashe and Fran, for example, are naturally better at spellcasting than Balthier and Basch, say, and it’s wise to give them some spell gambits, especially as their healing spells are more effective than, say, Vaan’s).  This licensing board system gives you great freedom (that word again) to customize the characters differently each time you play the game.  As I said, I like to give Basch a war hammer or battle axe and let him smash opponents.  Penelo is “supposed” to stay back and hurl spells or long-range weapons, but she’s a tough, fast kid, so I like to give her strong spears or poles to jump into the fray.  Balthier’s guns are strong, but I prefer to give him a katana or other ninja blades and give him accessories that allow him to strike multiple times per turn.  The game gives you far more options than these.

Side quests — the meat and potatoes of the game’s freedom and fun come from the side quests.  I told you there’s a point in the game in which you travel the world looking for runaway cockatrices.  That’s just one of literally dozens of optional side quests available throughout the game.  You can get a fishing rod and learn how to fish for as long as you want.  In addition, the more you engage with the characters (regular townspeople and the like), the more the game rewards you.  Even these people are realized characters who change and are aware of the main events of the story, and when you encounter them in seemingly throwaway moments, you will meet them again in another part of the world, and frankly, that’s awesome.  I don’t want to spoil too much of the rest of the game for you, but suffice it to say this game gives you plenty of reasons to play it for a long, long time.

Hold on, let me tell you perhaps the most clever side quest: the Hunts.  You have to join it early in the game as a required plot point, but after that early incident the rest is optional.  The Hunts are this terribly clever side quest that lasts the whole game in which various citizens of the world are having various problems (a huge snake is preventing a spice trader from importing his goods here, a young child’s pet turtle has somehow transmogrified into a giant snapping turtle of destruction there — you get the idea), and only you and your friends are up to the task of setting this fiasco right again.  It’s a great way to earn unique items (for some things, the only way to earn rare items), travel familiar territory for new purposes, and just have fun, as each hunt has different requirements and aspects to it (they aren’t just “go here and beat up this thing and come back for your reward”).

But it gets better.  Once you start making a name for yourself as a great hunter, you get to join the clan of fellow hunters, which enables you to get other nice treats, info on elite marks, and gives more cohesion to the world.  Later in the game, you get the chance to join a second, more elite Hunt Club, in which ultra-rare monsters appear only during these hunts throughout the world, enabling you to get more elite items.  Yes, sometimes these hunts can be devastating if you aren’t prepared or playing wisely (which may have happened to me a couple times this past summer), but that can be true of the main game as well.  This massive, complex but not complicated series of side quests is just one of the many clever ways this game presents a unified, believable world from beginning to (I assume) end.

The important thing about the many and varied side quests throughout FFXII is not that they are basically “necessary” to get the good stuff to win the game.  You can play through the main storyline just fine without any of these optional elements, and that will be a rich, rewarding experience all its own.  Yet, the greatness that is the side quests of FFXII lies also in how much they reward you playing them.  They give you great stuff, sure, but that alone would be meaningless if they weren’t as fun as they are.  I said before they make the supporting characters you meet somewhat incidentally come alive more meaningfully, and that point should not be ignored.  Without descending into sounding maudlin, the characters (main and supporting) and the side quests really make you want to spend time in this world.  Yes, the world has a lot of problems (impending war, gigantic monsters that want to destroy you, crumbling ruins of forgotten technology and civilizations, alien beings trying to pull the strings on the development of all races, the usual), but like the opening song to Deep Space Nine or Star Wars, you just get overwhelmed with the feeling of “yeah, I want to be here for a while.”  And the side quests especially allow you to do that in meaningful, enriching ways.

The Goods

No, it’s not “just a videogame.”  Like the great works of art and literature, Final Fantasy XII causes us to look within and around and make ourselves and our world better.  That’s what Christmas is partly about as well, isn’t it?

And, man, that musical score….

I’m very glad Christmas break is almost upon us again.  I really want to get back to Ivalice and play more Final Fantasy XII.  If you don’t have a PS2 (did I mention it is a PS2 game?), do not fear.  Just in time for its 11th anniversary, I hear a remastered version is coming in 2017 to the PS4 (you have one of those, right?), complete with an even better licensing/customizing experience.  If they keep the music and characters and story and other side quests in place yet improved with modern technology and whatnot, you will find this a fantastic experience.

Have a Merry Christmas 2016, everyone!  Even if you don’t get around to playing Final Fantasy XII, we at Redeeming Pandora hope it will be a refreshing, leisure-filled time of quality family experiences, meaningful spiritual reflection and growth, musical memories old and new, tasty treats and savory snacks, nostalgic films, games and fun and shopping and games, and many, many days of lounging around at home for the holidays (preferably in your jimjams all day long — that’s my plan).

See you in 2017!

The Good (and Great?) Songs

Dave Thompson

In 2011, Dave Thompson released a (to be generous) book featuring a litany of 1,000 songs that, according to the title of the work “rock your world.”  To be fair to Mr. Thompson, the book seems intended to be a visual treasure trove of rare photographs, tour memorabilia, miscellaneous album paraphernalia and more, with a few diversely-organized lists, and thus the book is in nowise intended as a scholarly treatment of the history of pop music and/or what makes a song great.  Fair enough.  As our purpose here is not to treat on the book itself directly (I’m sure I’ll do that in a future book review collection), we shall simply introduce Mr. Thompson’s list of the best 1,000 rock songs (or whatever) of all time (as of 2011).  This is not my list, but it has been an interesting experience trying to work through this list, especially as I have not heard of many of the artists and certainly fewer of the songs enumerated here.  Feel free to join in my personal challenge to listen to these 1,000 songs and, perhaps, reflect on their merit and come up with your own such list.

  1. Bus Stop                                                      Hollies
  2. Season of the Witch                                  Donovan
  3. Jungleland                                 Bruce Springsteen
  4. Won’t Get Fooled Again                            Who
  5. Rock and Roll                                              Gary Glitter
  6. Desolation Row                                          Bob Dylan
  7. While My Guitar Gently Weeps               Beatles
  8. Year of the Cat                                           Al Stewart
  9. Famous Blue Raincoat                              Leonard Cohen
  10. Gimme Shelter                                           Rolling Stones
  11. Rhiannon                                                    Fleetwood Mac
  12. Stairway to Heaven                                   Led Zeppelin
  13. Hey Jude                                                      Beatles
  14. Like a Hurricane                                         Neil Young
  15. Like a Rolling Stone                                   Bob Dylan
  16. A Day in the Life                                         Beatles
  17. Elemental Child                                          T-Rex
  18. Born to Run                                                Bruce Springsteen
  19. I Walk on Gilded Splinters                        Dr. John
  20. Shake Some Action                                   Flaming Groovies
  21. Smoke on the Water                                 Deep Purple
  22. Be Bop a Lula                                           Gene Vincent & His Blue Cops
  23. Wish You Were Here                                 Pink Floyd
  24. Life on Mars                                                David Bowie
  25. Trampled Underfoot                                 Led Zeppelin
  26. Musical Box                                                Genesis
  27. Number One Crush                                   Garbage
  28. I’m Not in Love                                           10CC
  29. Lily, Rosemary, & The Jack of Hearts    Bob Dylan
  30. Bridge Over Troubled Water                   Simon & Garfunkel
  31. She’s Not There                                          Zombies
  32. School’s Out                                                Alice Cooper
  33. Sympathy for the Devil                             Rolling Stones
  34. Past, Present, Future                                Shangri-Las
  35. Waterloo Sunset                                        Kinks
  36. Everyday is Like Sunday                           Morrissey
  37. America                                                       Simon & Garfunkel
  38. Layla                                                            Derek & The Dominos
  39. Heroes and Villains                                   Beach Boys
  40. Bad Moon Rising                                    Creedence Clearwater Revival
  41. I’m Eighteen                                                Alice Cooper
  42. All Along the Watchtower                         Jimi Hendrix Experience
  43. American Pie                                              Don McLean
  44. Celluloid Heroes                                        Kinks
  45. Bored Teenagers                                       Adverts
  46. See Emily Play                                             Pink Floyd
  47. All the Young Dudes                                  Mott the Hoople
  48. Baba O’Riley                                               Who
  49. Low Spark of High Heeled Boys              Traffic
  50. My Generation                                           Who
  51. The Boys are Back in Town                      Thin Lizzy
  52. The Next Time                                            Cliff Richard
  53. Bohemian Rhapsody                                 Queen
  54. In a Broken Dream                                    Python Lee Jackson
  55. Changing of the Guard                             Bob Dylan
  56. Instant Karma                                             Plastic Ono Band
  57. Suite: Judy Blue Eyes                                 Crosby, Still, & Nash
  58. Hocus Pocus                                               Focus
  59. Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)                    Bruce Springsteen
  60. Midnight Rambler                                      Rolling Stones
  61. A Man Needs a Maid                                 Neil Young
  62. A Groovy Kind of Love                             Mindbenders
  63. Dream On                                                   Aerosmith
  64. New York Mining Disaster 1941             Bee Gees
  65. Can’t Find My Way Home                       Blind Faith
  66. Superstar                                                       Carpenters
  67. Caroline Says II                                           Lou Reed
  68. God Only Knows                                         Beach Boys
  69. I Feel Fine                                                     Beatles
  70. Alright Now                                                   Free
  71. D’yer Maker                                                 Led Zeppelin
  72. Let it Be                                                         Beatles
  73. Don’t Fear the Reaper                                Blue Oyster Cult
  74. Satisfaction                                                  Rolling Stones
  75. 4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)               Bruce Springsteen
  76. Statesboro Blues                                          Allman Brothers
  77. Silver Springs                                                Fleetwood Mac
  78. Octopus                                                         Syd Barrett
  79. She’s Gone                                                    Hall & Oates
  80. Refugees                                                       Van Der Graaf Generator
  81. Tupelo Honey                                              Van Morrison
  82. Roadrunner                                                  Modern Lovers
  83. Reason to Believe                                       Rod Stewart
  84. Diamonds and Rust                                    Joan Baez
  85. You Really Got Me                                     Kinks
  86. I’m Waiting for the Man                            Velvet Underground
  87. Cowgirl in the Sand                                     Neil Young
  88. Imagine                                                         John Lennon
  89. Kashmir                                                         Led Zeppelin
  90. Bad to the Bone                    George Thorogood & The Destroyers
  91. Sultans of Swing                                          Dire Straits
  92. New Rose                                                      Damned
  93. Loser                                                              Beck
  94. Ballad of a Thin Man                                 Bob Dylan
  95. London Calling                                            Clash
  96. Who Do You Love                                      Juicy Lucy
  97. Across the Universe                                     Beatles
  98. Autumn Almanac                                       Kinks
  99. Roadhouse Blues                                        Doors
  100. Hotel California                                           Eagles
  101. House of the Rising Sun                             Animals
  102. Ball and Chain                              Big Brother & The Holding Company
  103. Do Ya Think I’m Sexy                               Rod Stewart
  104. Dust in the Wind                                          Kansas
  105. Sunshine of Your Love                              Cream
  106. Come Out and Play                                    Offspring
  107. The Boxer                                                     Simon & Garfunkel
  108. Highway to Hell                                           AC/DC
  109. Solsbury Hill                                                 Peter Gabriel
  110. Violet                                                             Hole
  111. Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding Elton John
  112. Smells Like Teen Spirit                               Nirvana
  113. Take Me Out                                                Franz Ferdinand
  114. Sweet Jane                                                    Velvet Underground
  115. God                                                                John Lennon
  116. Dead Babies                                                 Alice Cooper
  117. What Have They Done to My Song, Ma    Melanie
  118. Stagger Lee                                                   Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  119. Another Day                                                 Paul McCartney
  120. Privilege                                                         Patti Smith Group
  121. Mother’s Little Helper                                Rolling Stones
  122. More Than a Feeling                                   Boston
  123. Brown Eyed Girl                                          Van Morrison
  124. Daydream Believer                                     Monkees
  125. Beautiful Day                                              U2
  126. Heroes                                                           David Bowie
  127. Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood              Animals
  128. Helter Skelter                                                Beatles
  129. Wild Horses                                                  Rolling Stones
  130. Ballad of Dwight Frye                                Alice Cooper
  131. All Day and All of the Night                      Kinks
  132. White Rabbit                                                Jefferson Airplane
  133. Eloise                                                             Barry Ryan
  134. Sara                                                                Fleetwood Mac
  135. Up on Cripple Creek                                   Band
  136. Let It Bleed                                                   Rolling Stones
  137. Supper’s Ready                                           Genesis
  138. Abandoned Love                                        Bob Dylan
  139. I Love Rock ’n’ Roll                                   Arrows
  140. White Man in Hammersmith Palais        Clash
  141. 25 or 6 to 4                                                   Chicago
  142. Summertime Blues                                      Eddie Cochran
  143. Someone Saved My Life Tonight            Elton John
  144. Sweet Baby James                                      James Taylor
  145. Maybelline                                                    Chuck Berry
  146. These Days                                                   Jackson Browne
  147. Freight Train                                               Chas McDevitt Skiffle Group
  148. A Night Like This                                         Cure
  149. Don’t Think Twice, It’s Alright                 Bob Dylan
  150. You Keep Me Hanging On                        Vanilla Fudge
  151. That’ll Be the Day                                       Buddy Holly
  152. Hurdy Gurdy Man                                      Donovan
  153. American Woman                                       Guess Who
  154. On the Road Again                                     Canned Heat
  155. Walk This Way                                            Aerosmith
  156. You Can’t Always Get What You Want Rolling Stones
  157. Daniel                                                            Bat for Lashes
  158. Strawberry Fields Forever                          Beatles
  159. Mage Bus                                                      Who
  160. Good Vibrations                                          Beach Boys
  161. Help                                                               Beatles
  162. Dancing in the Dark                                    Bruce Springsteen
  163. I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For  U2
  164. Somebody to Shove                                   Soul Asylum
  165. No Matter What                                          Badfinger
  166. #9 Dream                                                      John Lennon
  167. Rock and Roll Music                                  Chuck Berry
  168. Eight Miles High                                          Byrds
  169. Drive In Saturday                                        David Bowie
  170. Back Street Luv                                           Curved Air
  171. The Letter                                                     Boxtops
  172. Atlantis                                                          Donovan
  173. At the Hop                                                    Danny & The Juniors
  174. Heartbreak Hotel                                        Elvis Presley
  175. Supernaut                                                     Black Sabbath
  176. Napoleon Bonapart One and Two           Budgie
  177. American Girl                                      Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  178. Echoes                                                           Pink Floyd
  179. The Knife                                                      Genesis
  180. Shape of Things                                           Yardbirds
  181. Rebel Rebel                                                  David Bowie
  182. Gimme Some Truth                                    John Lennon
  183. Desperado                                                     Eagles
  184. Soldier Blue                                                  Buffy Sainte Marie
  185. Watching the Detectives                    Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  186. Go Your Own Way                                      Fleetwood Mac
  187. Josephine                                          John Otway and Wild Willy Barrett
  188. Paris 1919                                                     John Cale
  189. Someone to Lay Down Beside Me          Karla Bonoff
  190. Get Back                                                       Beatles
  191. Rising Sun                                                     Medicine Head
  192. Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands              Bob Dylan
  193. Breathing                                                      Kate Bush
  194. Bela Lugosi’s Dead                                     Bauhaus
  195. Psychotic Reaction                                     Count Five
  196. Autobahn                                                      Kraftwerk
  197. Lust for Life                                                 Iggy Pop
  198. Longview                                                      Green Day
  199. Almost Cut My Hair                                   Crosby Stills Nash & Young
  200. Truckin’                                                         Grateful Dead
  201. Everlong                                                        Foo Fighters
  202. Little Wing                                                    Jimi Hendrix Experience
  203. Ride Captain Rid                                         Blues Image
  204. They Don’t Know                                        Kirsty MacColl
  205. Takin’ Care of Business                             Bachman Turner Overdrive
  206. Jailbreak                                                        Thin Lizzy
  207. Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll           Ian Dury & The Blackheads
  208. Lay Down                                                     Melanie
  209. Riot in Cell Block #9                                   Johnny Winter
  210. Wild Thing                                                    Troggs
  211. Free Bird                                                        Lynyrd Skynyrd
  212. How Soon is Now                                        Smiths
  213. Edie                                                                Cult
  214. I Fought the Law                                         Bobby Fuller Four
  215. Somebody to Love                                     Jefferson Airplane
  216. Tarkus                                                           Emerson, Lake and Palmer
  217. And You And I                                            Yes
  218. Badlands                                                       Bruce Springsteen
  219. Welcome to the Jungle                               Guns ’n’ Roses
  220. In the Ghetto                                                Elvis Presley
  221. Cryin’                                                             Aerosmith
  222. Pablo Picasso                                               Modern Lovers
  223. Ramblin’ Man                                             Allman Brothers
  224. Bittersweet Symphony                               Verve
  225. Great Balls of Fire                                       Jerry Lee Lewis
  226. Next (Aux Suivantes)                             Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  227. Fire and Rain                                                James Taylor
  228. It’s So Easy                                                  Buddy Holly
  229. Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory            Traffic
  230. Then He Kissed Me                                     Crystals
  231. Karma Police                                                Radiohead
  232. Back in the USA                                          Chuck Berry
  233. Rock Around the Clock                             Bill Haley & the Comets
  234. Answering Machine                                    Replacements
  235. Black Metallic                                              Catherine Wheel
  236. After the Goldrush                                       Neil Young
  237. The Pretender                                               Jackson Browne
  238. Tangled Up in Blue                                     Bob Dylan
  239. Submission                                                   Sex Pistols
  240. Johnny Hit and Run Paulene                     X
  241. Touch Me I’m Sick                                     Mudhoney
  242. Fly Like an Eagle                                         Steve Miller Band
  243. Ooh La La                                                    Faces
  244. You Look Good on the Dancefloor         Arctic Monkeys
  245. Sebastian                                                      Cockney Rebel
  246. Black Sabbath                                             Black Sabbath
  247. What is Life                                                  George Harrison
  248. In Shreds                                                       Chameleons
  249. Epitaph                                                          King Crimson
  250. Jackson                                             Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood
  251. Everything’s Alright                                    Mojos
  252. Tom Traubert’s Blues                                 Tom Waits
  253. It’s Alright Ma, I’m Only Bleeding           Bob Dylan
  254. Alternate Title                                              Monkees
  255. Marie and Joe                                              Doctors of Madness
  256. Baby Jump                                                   Mungo Jerry
  257. Heart of Gold                                               Neil Young
  258. Protection                                                      Graham Parker
  259. That’s Entertainment                                 Jam
  260. Rocking in the Free World                         Neil Young
  261. It Might as Well Rain Until September    Carole King
  262. Come Together                                            Beatles
  263. Love Reign O’er Me                                    Who
  264. Losing My Religion                                     REM
  265. Pink Moon                                                    Nick Drake
  266. Cortez the Killer                                           Neil Young
  267. Everything I Own                                        Bread
  268. Waiting for the Sun                                     Doors
  269. Creep                                                             Radiohead
  270. Wonderful Tonight                                      Eric Clapton
  271. Time                                                               Pink Floyd
  272. Night Moves                                                 Bob Seger
  273. You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything    Faces
  274. You’re So Vain                                            Carly Simon
  275. Starting Over                                                John Lennon
  276. Let’s Hang On                                              Four Seasons
  277. Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)       Green Day
  278. My Sweet Lord                                            George Harrison
  279. Isis                                                                  Bob Dylan
  280. A Hard Day’s Night                                    Beatles
  281. Big Eyes                                                        Cheap Trick
  282. I Get Around                                                Beach Boys
  283. Little Queenie                                               Chuck Berry
  284. Powderfinger                                                Neil Young
  285. Hello It’s Me                                                Todd Rundgren
  286. Not Fade Away                                            Buddy Holly
  287. Possession                                                     Sara McLachlan
  288. Everybody Hurst                                         REM
  289. Barbara Ann                                                Beach Boys
  290. Debris                                                             Faces
  291. Hallelujah                                                     Leonard Cohen
  292. Life During Wartime                                   Talking Heads
  293. Why Do Fools Fall in Love                  Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers
  294. Jessica                                                            Allman Brothers
  295. Lady Rachel                                                 Kevin Ayers
  296. The Only Living Boy in New York           Simon & Garfunkel
  297. Three Stars                                                    Eddie Cochran
  298. Devoted to You                                           Everly Brothers
  299. Oh Boy                                                          Buddy Holly
  300. So Long Marianne                                      Leonard Cohen
  301. Suspicious Minds                                         Elvis Presley
  302. Space Truckin’                                             Deep Purple
  303. Paranoid                                                        Black Sabbath
  304. The Carny                                                     Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  305. Roadrunner                                                  Bo Diddley
  306. Jeremy                                                           Pearl Jam
  307. Out Demons Out                                          Edgar Broughton Band
  308. Killer Queen                                                  Queen
  309. Hey Mr. Draftboard                                    David Peel
  310. Bedsitter Images                                          Al Stewart
  311. Shaking All Over                                          Johnny Kidd & The Pirates
  312. The Perfect Drug                                          Nine Inch Nails
  313. My Death                                                      David Bowie
  314. Heroin                                                            Velvet Underground
  315. Doll Parts                                                       Hole
  316. Pleasant Valley Sunday                             Monkees
  317. Born to be Wild                                            Steppenwolf
  318. Venus in Furs                                                Velvet Underground
  319. 24                                                                   Jem
  320. Lady Eleanor                                               Lindisfarne
  321. Who Knows Where the Time Goes          Fairport Convention
  322. Honky Tonk Woman                                 Rolling Stones
  323. Court of the Crimson King                        King Crimson
  324. Tutti Frutti                                                     Little Richard
  325. The Show Must Go On                               Queen
  326. Soho Square                                                 Kirsty MacColl
  327. Total Eclipse of the Heart                          Bonnie Tyler
  328. Don’t Bring Me Down                                Pretty Things
  329. Nite Klub                                                       Specials
  330. 96 Tears                                              Question Mark & The Mysterians
  331. Basket Case                                                 Green Day
  332. Lady Jane                                                     Rolling Stones
  333. Song for Europe                                           Roxy Music
  334. Clocks                                                            Coldplay
  335. A Salty Dog                                                  Procol Harum
  336. Baker Street                                                  Gerry Rafferty
  337. Badge                                                            Cream
  338. Coney Island Baby                                     Lou Reed
  339. For No One                                                   Beatles
  340. Blitzkrieg Bop                                              Ramones
  341. Revolution Blues                                         Neil Young
  342. Ghost of Tom Joad                                     Bruce Springsteen
  343. There Goes a Tenner                                   Kate Bush
  344. Barracuda                                                     Heart
  345. Fairytale of New York                                 Pogues
  346. Johnny Mekon                                             Radio Stars
  347. Maggie May                                                 Rod Stewart
  348. Proud Mary                                            Creedence Clearwater Revival
  349. Soft Wolf                                                      Grant Lee Buffalo
  350. Get Off of My Cloud                                  Rolling Stones
  351. Till the End of the Day                               Kinks
  352. Up the Junction                                            Squeeze
  353. Hold Your Head Up                                  Argent
  354. Winona                                                          Matthew Sweet
  355. Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again Bob Dylan
  356. Days of Pearly Spencer                              David McWilliams
  357. Positively 4th Street                                      Bob Dylan
  358. Funeral Party                                                Cure
  359. Running Up That Hill                                 Kate Bush
  360. Happy Xmas War is Over                          John Lennon
  361. Tales of Brave Ulysses                               Cream
  362. Purple Haze                                                  Jimi Hendrix Experience
  363. Locomotive Breath                                     Jethro Tull
  364. Firth of Fifth                                                 Genesis
  365. Nights in White Satin                                  Moody Blues
  366. Those Were the Days                                  Mary Hopkin
  367. Wake Up Little Susie                                  Everly Brothers
  368. Something Else                                            Eddie Cochran
  369. Chestnut Mare                                             Byrds
  370. Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)   Steve Harley
  371. Amoruese                                                      Kiki Dee
  372. Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door                     Bob Dylan
  373. John I’m Only Dancing                              David Bowie
  374. Alice’s Restaurant                                       Arlo Guthrie
  375. Jumping Jack Flash                                     Rolling Stones
  376. Paradise by the Dashboard Light             Meatloaf
  377. Me and Bobby McGee                               Janis Joplin
  378. Somewhere in Hollywood                          10CC
  379. Dreaming                                                      Blondie
  380. Here There and Everywhere                      Beatles
  381. Madame George                                          Van Morrison
  382. Life in Dark Water                                      Al Stewart
  383. Carol                                                              Chuck Berry
  384. Jailhouse Rock                                             Elvis Presley
  385. Peggy Sue                                                      Buddy Holly
  386. Midnight Rider                                             Greg Allman
  387. Wedding Bell Blues                                     Laura Nyro
  388. Memphis, Tennessee                                  Chuck Berry
  389. Tomorrow Never Knows                            Beatles
  390. Paint It Black                                               Rolling Stones
  391. Crazy On You                                              Heart
  392. Big Bad Moon                                             Joe Satriani
  393. Come Dancing                                             Kinks
  394. White Winter Hymn                                    Fleet Foxes
  395. Mona                                                      Quicksilver Messenger Service
  396. Invisible Sun                                                 Police
  397. Marquee Moon                                            Television
  398. Angie                                                              Rolling Stone
  399. I’m in Love with a German Filmstar       Passions
  400. Rain on the Scarecrow                               John Mellencamp
  401. Ruby                                                              Kaiser Chiefs
  402. Hello I Love You                                         Doors
  403. Born Too Late                                             Poni-Tails
  404. War Pigs                                                        Black Sabbath
  405. This Wheel’s on Fire                Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity
  406. Boxers                                                           Morrisey
  407. You Ain’t Seen Nothing Yet                      BTO
  408. Go Now                                                         Moody Blues
  409. 10:15 Saturday Night                                 Cure
  410. Down in the Boondocks                             Gregory Philips
  411. Universal Soldier                                          Donovan
  412. Bad Things                                                   Jace Everett
  413. Psycho Killer                                                 Talking Heads
  414. C’est La Vie                                                  ELP
  415. You Can’t Put Your Arms Around a Memory Johnny Thunders
  416. Light My Fire                                                Doors
  417. California Girls                                             Beach Boys
  418. Fireball                                                           Deep Purple
  419. Road to Cairo                           Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity
  420. Hey Hey My My                                         Neil Young
  421. Anyone Who Had a Heart                        Cilla Black
  422. My Life                                                         Dido
  423. Black Water                                                 Doobie Brothers
  424. Massachusetts (The Lights Went Out In)   Bee Gees
  425. Ashes to Ashes                                             David Bowie
  426. Nobody’s Fault But Mine                          Led Zeppelin
  427. Showroom Dummies                                  Kraftwerk
  428. News From Spain                                        Al Stewart
  429. Lullaby                                                          Cure
  430. Come As You Are                                       Nirvana
  431. Black Juju                                                     Alice Cooper
  432. We Are the Dead                                         David Bowie
  433. In the Air Tonight                                        Phil Collins
  434. Plaistow Patricia                                          Ian Dury & The Blackhearts
  435. Astronomy Dominie                                   Pink Floyd
  436. Rock Lobster                                                B-52’s
  437. This Flight Tonight                                      Joni Mitchell
  438. Kool Thing                                                    Sonic Youth
  439. I Don’t Want to Talk About It                  Rod Stewart
  440. Chapel of Love                                            Dixie Cups
  441. Self Esteem                                                   Offspring
  442. Sweet Little Rock ’n’ Roller                       Chuck Berry
  443. Black Magic Woman                                 Fleetwood Mac
  444. Girl Don’t Come                                          Sandy Shaw
  445. Meet on the Ledge                                      Fairport Convention
  446. Who Does Lisa Like                                    Rachel Sweet
  447. Rock ’n’ Roll High School                         Ramones
  448. Space Oddity                                                David Bowie
  449. Summer Breeze                                           Seals and Croft
  450. It’s the End of the World As We Know It     REM
  451. How Long                                                     Ace
  452. Where Do You Go to My Lovely             Peter Sarstedt
  453. Too Much to Dream Last Night               Electric Prunes
  454. Jeepster                                                          T-Rex
  455. We’re an American Band                          Grand Funk
  456. It’s My Life                                                  Animals
  457. Under Pressure                                             Queen & David Bowie
  458. A Whiter Shade of Pale                              Procol Harum
  459. Faith Healer                                          Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  460. White Punks on Dope                                 Tubes
  461. Tusk                                                               Fleetwood Mac
  462. Sunny Afternoon                                         Kinks
  463. It’s All Over Now Baby Blue                     Bob Dylan
  464. Hey Lord Don’t Ask Me Questions    Graham Parker & The Rumour
  465. Fifteen Minutes                                            Kirsty MacColl
  466. Bachelor Boy                                               Cliff Richard
  467. It’s My Party                                                Lesley Gore
  468. Alive                                                               Pearl Jam
  469. Subterranean Homesick Blues                 Bob Dylan
  470. Hasten Down the Wind                              Linda Ronstadt
  471. Another Girl Another Planet                      Only Ones
  472. Sara Smile                                                     Hall & Oates
  473. When We Were Fab                                    George Harrison
  474. Dead Man’s Curve                                      Jan and Dean
  475. Jack the Ripper                                            Morrissey
  476. Have You Ever Seen the Rain               Creedence Clearwater Revival
  477. Gold                                                               John Stewart
  478. Dead End Street                                           Kinks
  479. Passion                                                          Rod Stewart
  480. It Doesn’t Matter Anymore                       Buddy Holly
  481. Suzanne                                                        Leonard Cohen
  482. Eve of Destruction                                      Barry McGuire
  483. Down in the Tube Station                          Jam
  484. Berlin                                                             Udo Lindenberg
  485. The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down   Band
  486. Death Disco                                                  Public Image Ltd
  487. (I Don’t Want to Go to) Chelsea          Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  488. I Don’t Like Mondays                                Boomtown Rats
  489. Ghost Town                                                  Specials
  490. Anarchy in the UK                                      Sex Pistols
  491. No Rain                                                         Blind Melon
  492. Promised Land                                             Johnny Allen
  493. Change                                                          Sparks
  494. Johnny Remember Me                               John Leyton
  495. Blind Willie McTell                                      Bob Dylan
  496. White Light White Heat                             Velvet Underground
  497. Song for Guy                                                Elton John
  498. Gimme Some Loving                                  Spencer Davis Group
  499. Little Deuce Coup                                       Beach Boys
  500. Rosalyn                                                         Pretty Things
  501. Spirit of Christmas                                      Steve Ashley
  502. Blockbuster                                                  Sweet
  503. Can’t Get Enough                                       Bad Company
  504. Standing Outside a Broken Phone Booth with Money in my Hand Primitive Radio Gods
  505. Journey from Eden                                     Steve Miller Band
  506. California Dreamin’                                    The Mamas & The Papas
  507. Three Steps to Heaven                               Eddie Cochran
  508. Emma                                                            Hot Chocolate
  509. Criminal World                                            Metro
  510. It’s Only Love                                              Beatles
  511. Wishing Well                                                 Free
  512. Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On                 Jerry Lee Lewis
  513. Wild World                                                    Cat Stevens
  514. Burning of the Midnight Lamp                 Jimi Hendrix Experience
  515. Love Me Tender                                          Elvis Presley
  516. City of New Orleans                                    Arlo Guthrie
  517. Zombie                                                          Cranberries
  518. Zoom Club                                                   Budgie
  519. Parisienne Walkways                                  Gary Moore
  520. Rita Mae                                                       Bob Dylan
  521. Ace of Spades                                              Motorhead
  522. One of These Nights                                    Eagles
  523. Tomahawk Cruise                                       TV Smith
  524. Willin’                                                            Little Feat
  525. Brothers in Arms                                          Dire Straits
  526. Jennifer Juniper                                            Donovan
  527. Berlin                                                             Lou Reed
  528. This is Hardcore                                           Pulp
  529. Pretty in Pink                                                Psychedelic Furs
  530. All I Have to Do is Dream                         Everly Brothers
  531. Rikki Don’t Lose That Number                Steely Dan
  532. Werewolves of London                              Warren Zevon
  533. Porpoise Song                                               Monkees
  534. Metal Guru                                                   T-Rex
  535. Since I’ve Been Loving You                     Led Zeppelin
  536. Hey Joe                                                         Jimi Hendrix Experience
  537. Friday on My Mind                                     Easybeats
  538. Fox on the Run                                            Sweet
  539. Lucille                                                            Little Richard
  540. Virginia Plain                                                Roxy Music
  541. The Weight                                                   Band
  542. Jack and Diane                                            John Mellencamp
  543. Leader of the Gang                                     Gary Glitter
  544. Ever Fallen in Love                                     Buzzcocks
  545. Leader of the Pack                                      Shangri-Las
  546. Radio Activity                                              Kraftwerk
  547. First of May                                                  Bee Gees
  548. Halloween Parade                                       Lou Reed
  549. Rock On David                                            Essex
  550. I’ve Seen All Good People                         Yes
  551. The Witch                                                     Cult
  552. Never Turn Your Back on Mother Earth Sparks
  553. Bat out of Hell                                             Meatloaf
  554. I Don’t Want to Know                                Nils Lofgren
  555. Pride (In the Name of Love)                     U2
  556. I Want to Kill You                                       David Peel
  557. The Air That I Breathe                               Hollies
  558. Young Americans                                        David Bowie
  559. Muswell Hillbillies                                        Kinks
  560. Dance Me to the End of Love                  Leonard Cohen
  561. Andmoreagain                                             Love
  562. Woodstock                                                   Joni Mitchell
  563. Folk Song                                                      Jack Bruce
  564. Maybe Baby                                                Buddy Holly
  565. Glory Box                                                     Portishead
  566. 16 Again                                                        Buzzcocks
  567. Money                                                           Pink Floyd
  568. Immigrant Song                                           Led Zeppelin
  569. The Wind Cries Mary                                 Jimi Hendrix Experience
  570. Iron Man                                                       Black Sabbath
  571. Blackberry Way                                          Move
  572. Oliver’s Army                                         Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  573. Californication                                             Red Hot Chili Peppers
  574. Walk Away Renee                                      Left Banke
  575. For Your Love                                              Yardbirds
  576. We Gotta Get Out of This Place               Animals
  577. Apache                                                          Shadows
  578. Village Green                                                Kinks
  579. Roundabout                                                 Yes
  580. Brass in Pocket                                            Pretenders
  581. All Shook Up                                                Elvis Presley
  582. The Sounds of Silence                                Simon & Garfunkel
  583. Hippy Hippy Shake                                    Swinging Blue Jeans
  584. Matchstalk Men and Matchstick Cats and Dogs Brian & Michael
  585. I Want You, I Need You, I Love You     Elvis Presley
  586. Hello Spaceboy                                           David Bowie
  587. Sharp Dressed Man                                     ZZ Top
  588. I Hate Banks                                                Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper
  589. Cathy’s Clown                                             Everly Brothers
  590. Rubber Bullets                                             10CC
  591. Expecting to Fly                                           Buffalo Springfield
  592. God Save the Queen                                   Sex Pistols
  593. To Know Him is to Love Him                   Teddy Bears
  594. Big Yellow Taxi                                           Joni Mitchell
  595. Blue Jean Bop                                          Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  596. Girls and Boys                                              Blur
  597. Elenore                                                          Turtles
  598. Red Right Hand                                           Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  599. Johnny B. Goode                                         Chuck Berry
  600. High and Dry                                                Radiohead
  601. Sunday Bloody Sunday                             U2
  602. My White Bicycle                                        Nazareth
  603. Excerpt from a Teenaged Opera              Keith West
  604. Bo Diddley                                                    Bo Diddley
  605. Ebony Eyes                                                  Everly Brothers
  606. Glad All Over                                                Dave Clark 5
  607. Speedway                                                     Morrissey
  608. Harvest Moon                                              Neil Young
  609. Dancing Barefoot                                        Patti Smith Group
  610. Police Car                                                      Larry Wallis
  611. America                                                         Nice
  612. Mr. Soul                                                         Buffalo Springfield
  613. Hurt                                                                Nine Inch Nails
  614. Stay with Me                                                Faces
  615. Pipeline                                                          Chantays
  616. For You                                                         Judy Tzuke
  617. Young Turks                                                 Rod Stewart
  618. Sheep                                                             Pink Floyd
  619. I Walked with a Zombie                            Roky Erickson
  620. Nineteenth Nervous Breakdown              Rolling Stones
  621. Silhouettes                                                    Herman’s Hermits
  622. Starman                                                        David Bowie
  623. A Touch of Grey                                          Grateful Dead
  624. Happy Together                                          Turtles
  625. Search and Destroy                                     Stooges
  626. New Ways Are Best                                    TV Smith
  627. The Jack                                                        AC/DC
  628. Trouble Coming Every Day                      Mothers of Invention
  629. Sweet Child of Mine                                   Guns ’n’ Roses
  630. Moonage Daydream                                  David Bowie
  631. Kiss Me on a Bus                                         Replacements
  632. Achilles Last Stand                                     Led Zeppelin
  633. Peaches                                                         Stranglers
  634. Here Comes the Night                                Them
  635. Love Will Tear us Apart                             Joy Division
  636. I Can’t Explain                                            Who
  637. Je T’aime                                                Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birken
  638. Starless                                                          King Crimson
  639. Veronika                                                       Tricky
  640. Reward                                                          Teardrop Explodes
  641. AC/DC                                                           Sweet
  642. Sonic Reducer                                              Dead Boys
  643. Hypnotized                                                   Fleetwood Mac
  644. Dead Leaves & The Dirty Ground           White Stripes
  645. In a Gadda Da Vida                                   Iron Butterfly
  646. Roxette                                                          Dr. Feelgood
  647. Eight Days a Week                                      Beatles
  648. Memory Motel                                             Rolling Stones
  649. Cincinnati Fatback                                      Roogalator
  650. Volunteers                                                     Jefferson Airplane
  651. Blinded by the Light                                   Bruce Springsteen
  652. I Wanna Be Sedated                                  Ramones
  653. The State that I Am In                               Belle and Sebastian
  654. Tupelo                                                           Nice Cave & The Bad Seeds
  655. Vincent                                                          Don McLean
  656. California Uber Alles                                  Dead Kennedys
  657. Eastbourne Ladies                                      Kevin Coyne
  658. 1984                                                               Spirit
  659. The End                                                         Doors
  660. Saturday Gigs                                               Mott the Hoople
  661. Haitian Divorce                                           Steely Dan
  662. Centerfield                                                    John Fogerty
  663. Sweet Home Alabama                               Lynyrd Skynyrd
  664. Daydream                                                     Lovin’ Spoonful
  665. First We Take Manhattan                         Leonard Cohen
  666. Song to Comus                                            Comus
  667. Rooster                                                          Alice in Chains
  668. Perfect Day                                                   Lou Reed
  669. It Don’t Come Easy                                    Ringo Starr
  670. Flash                                                              Queen
  671. SWLABR                                                      Cream
  672. 2000 Light Years From Home                  Rolling Stones
  673. Capital Radio                                               Clash
  674. Ballroom Blitz                                              Sweet
  675. Run Run Run                                               Jo Jo Gunne
  676. Melissa                                                          Allman Brothers
  677. I Am a Rock                                                 Simon & Garfunkel
  678. Let’s Make the Water Turn Black           Mothers of Invention
  679. China Girl                                                      Iggy Pop
  680. Death Is Not the End                                  Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  681. Shots                                                              Neil Young
  682. Overnight Sensation                                    Raspberries
  683. Cygnet Committee                                      David Bowie
  684. New Age                                                        Velvet Underground
  685. No Fun                                                           Stooges
  686. The Last Resort                                           Eagles
  687. Itchycoo Park                                              Small Forces
  688. Rat Trap                                                        Boomtown Rats
  689. Moondance                                                  Van Morrison
  690. White Riot                                                     Clash
  691. Band on the Run                                         Paul McCartney & Wings
  692. Ballad of John and Yoko                          Beatles
  693. 24 Hours from Tulsa                                  Gene Pitney
  694. Andy Warhol                                                David Bowie
  695. I Feel Like I’m Fixing to Die Rag             Country Joe & The Fish
  696. Are Friends Electric                                     Tubeway Army
  697. Say Hello Wave Goodbye                         Soft Cell
  698. Saturday Night                                             Bay City Rollers
  699. Rebellion                                                       Arcade Fire
  700. Needles and Pins                                          Searches
  701. August Day                                                   Hall and Oates
  702. Hold the Line                                               Toto
  703. Abacab                                                          Genesis
  704. Where Have all the Good Times Gone    Kinks
  705. Da Doo Ron Ron                                         Crystals
  706. Telstar                                                            Ronadoes
  707. Fell in Love with a Girl                                White Stripes
  708. A Lover’s Concerto                                     Toys
  709. The Only Living Boy in New Cross          Carter USM
  710. Sheena Is a Punk Rocker                           Ramones
  711. Mad Eyed Screamer                                   Creatures
  712. Devil Woman                                               Cliff Richard
  713. Strange Brew                                                Cream
  714. Play with Fire                                                Rolling Stones
  715. When Will I Be Loved                                Everly Brothers
  716. Broken English                                             Marianne Faithfull
  717. Move It                                                         Cliff Richard
  718. Alone Again Or                                            Love
  719. Alley Oop                                                      Hollywood Argyles
  720. Deuce                                                             Kiss
  721. To Bring You My Love                              PJ Harvey
  722. Cherry Bomb                                               Runaways
  723. Two Princes                                                  Spin Doctors
  724. Maybe                                                           Chantels
  725. Living Next Door to Alice                          Smokey
  726. Brown Sugar                                                 Rolling Stones
  727. Jane Says                                                      Jane’s Addiction
  728. Surf’s Up                                                       Beach Boys
  729. I’m Going Home                                         Ten Years After
  730. The Joker                                                      Steve Miller Band
  731. Atomic                                                           Blondie
  732. Plush                                                              Stone Temple Pilots
  733. Arizona                                                          Alejandro Escoveda
  734. Master of the Universe                               Hawkwind
  735. I Wanna Be Your Dog                                Stooges
  736. Going Up the Country                                Canned Heat
  737. All Apologies                                                Nirvana
  738. C Moon                                                         Wings
  739. Hole in My shoe                                          Traffic
  740. Deal                                                                Grateful Dead
  741. The River                                                      Bruce Springsteen
  742. Carry On My Wayward Son                     Kansas
  743. Love Will Come Through                           Travis
  744. Presence of the Lord                                   Blind Faith
  745. Piece of My Heart                        Big Brother & The Holding Company
  746. Hell is Round the Corner                            Tricky
  747. Aqualung                                                      Jethro Tull
  748. Indian Reservation                                     Paul Revere & The Raiders
  749. Spinning Wheel                                            Blood, Sweat and Tears
  750. Radio Free Europe                                      REM
  751. Lovecats                                                       Cure
  752. Queen B*tch                                                David Bowie
  753. This Corrosion                                              Sisters of Mercy
  754. Ciao                                                               Lush
  755. Terry                                                              Twinkle
  756. Lake of Fire                                                  Meat Puppets
  757. Jump                                                              Van Halen
  758. Pictures of Lilo                                             Who
  759. Route 66                                                       Depeche Mode
  760. Metal Postcard                                             Siouxsie & The Banshees
  761. Coz I Luv You                                             Slade
  762. I Got You Babe                                           Sonny and Cher
  763. Sweeter Memories                                       Todd Rundgren
  764. 20 Flight Rock                                              Eddie Cochran
  765. I’m Ready                                                    Fats Domino
  766. Ruby Tuesday                                             Rolling Stones
  767. Lola                                                                Kinks
  768. Lithium                                                          Nirvana
  769. When the Sun Goes Down                         Arctic Monkeys
  770. Everyday                                                      Buddy Holly
  771. What’d I Say?                                              Ray Charles
  772. Killing Moon                                                 Echo & The Bunnymen
  773. Something in the Air                                   Thunderclap Newman
  774. For What It’s Worth                                    Buffalo Springfield
  775. Mrs. Robinson                                              Simon & Garfunkel
  776. San Francisco Nights                                  Eric Burdon & The Animals
  777. She Sells Sanctuary                                     Cult
  778. Shattered                                                       Rolling Stones
  779. Gloria                                                             Patti Smith Group
  780. Radio Radio                                            Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  781. Mississippi Queen                                        Mountain
  782. Boys and Girls                                              Bryan Ferry
  783. Green Manalishi                                          Fleetwood Mac
  784. Monkberry Moon Delight                            Paul McCartney
  785. Stoned Soul Picnic                                       Laura Nyro
  786. A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall                     Bob Dylan
  787. Jesus of Suburbia                                        Green Day
  788. Love is Like Oxygen                                   Sweet
  789. Homeward Bound                                      Simon & Garfunkel
  790. Pinball Wizard                                              Who
  791. Close Watch                                                 John Cole
  792. Reconnez Cherie                                         Wreckless Eric
  793. Jet                                                                   Paul McCartney & Wings
  794. The Rocker                                                   AC/DC
  795. Trans-Europe Express                                Kraftwerk
  796. It’s Different for Girls                                 Joe Jackson
  797. Song to the Siren                                          Tim Buckley
  798. Crystallised                                                   XX
  799. Nature’s Way                                               Spirit
  800. A Certain Girl                                               Yardbirds
  801. Lost Cause                                                    Beck
  802. Termination                                                  Iron Butterfly
  803. Wear Your Love Like Heaven                  Donovan
  804. Kiss on the Lips                                            Joan Jett
  805. Walk Don’t Run                                          Ventures
  806. Soul Sacrifice                                               Santana
  807. Whole Lotta Love                                       Led Zeppelin
  808. Dark End of the Street                                Linda Ronstadt
  809. Under the Bridge                                         Red Hot Chili Peppers
  810. Because the Night                                       Patti Smith Group
  811. Delilah                                                           Tom Jones
  812. Don’t Forget to Dance                                Kinks
  813. Morning Glory                                              Tim Buckley
  814. I’m a Man                                                    Bo Diddley
  815. Madman Across the Water                       Elton John
  816. Breakdown                                           Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  817. Seether                                                         Veruca Salt
  818. Louie Louie                                                  Kingsmen
  819. Caring Is Creepy                                          Shins
  820. Holiday on the Moon                                 Love and Rockets
  821. Angeline                                                        Faithless
  822. Alcohol                                                          Kinks
  823. Tobacco Road                                             Nashville Teens
  824. Monkey Gone to Heaven                          Pixies
  825. Back Street Girl                                            Rolling Stones
  826. Do the Strand                                               Roxy Music
  827. The Girl Can’t Help It                                 Little Richard
  828. Pack Up Your Sorrows                               Richard and Mimi Farina
  829. I Just Wanna Make Love to You             Rolling Stones
  830. Sunburn                                                         Muse
  831. Star                                                                 Stealers Wheel
  832. Everyone Says Hi                                        David Bowie
  833. Pandora’s Box                                             Procul Harum
  834. The Carnival Is Over                                  Seekers
  835. No Regrets                                                    Walker Brothers
  836. Stand by Me                                                 John Lennon
  837. Without You                                                 Nilsson
  838. Time of the Season                                     Zombies
  839. Willie & The Hand Jive                              Eric Clapton
  840. Eminence Front                                           Who
  841. Remember Walking in the Sand               Shangri-Las
  842. Love Is the Drug                                          Roxy Music
  843. Amos Moses                                            Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  844. Suffocate                                                      Green Day
  845. Nantucket Sleighride                                   Mountain
  846. Life’s a Gas                                                  T-Rex
  847. Surf City                                                        Jan and Dean
  848. Black Heart                                                  Marc & The Mambas
  849. Strange Kind of Woman                            Deep Purple
  850. La Grange                                                     ZZ Top
  851. Reno, Nevada                                              Richard and Mimi Farina
  852. Bullet with Butterfly Wings                       Smashing Pumpkins
  853. Big Black Smoke                                         Kinks
  854. Do Wah Diddy Diddy                                 Manfred Mann
  855. Hurricane                                                      Bob Dylan
  856. St. Petersburg                                                Robyn Hitchcock
  857. Wrecking Ball                                               Emmylou Harris
  858. Sister Morphine                                            Rolling Stones
  859. London Boys                                               David Bowie
  860. You Can’t Judge a Book by Its Cover    Bo Diddley
  861. Walking on Thin Ice                                   Yoko Ono
  862. When We Meet Again                                Nicole Reynolds
  863. The High Road                                            Broken Bells
  864. A Night In                                                     Tindersticks
  865. SOS                                                                ABBA
  866. Lalena                                                           Donovan
  867. Second Skin                                                  Gits
  868. No Milk Today                                            Herman’s Hermits
  869. Opal                                                               Syd Barrett
  870. Ohio                                                          Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young
  871. House of Fun                                               Madness
  872. Do You Realize                                            Flaming Lips
  873. Straight to Hell                                             Clash
  874. All the Things She Said                               Tatu
  875. Rave On                                                        Buddy Holly
  876. Come Back                                                  Mighty Wah!
  877. Ballad of Easy Rider                                  Byrds
  878. Tired of Waiting For You                           Kinks
  879. Crazy                                                             Gnarls Barkley
  880. Brand New Cadillac                                    Vince Taylor
  881. Radar Love                                                  Golden Earring
  882. Refugee                                                 Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  883. Freshmen                                                      Verve Pipe
  884. Whole Wide World                                      Wreckless Eric
  885. 50 Ways to Leave                                       Paul Simon
  886. Old Wild Men                                               10CC
  887. Child in Time                                                Deep Purple
  888. Back On the Chaingang                             Pretenders
  889. Desire                                                             U2
  890. Panic                                                              Smiths
  891. Kick Out the Jams                                       MC5
  892. Far Far Away                                               Slade
  893. Southern Pacific                                          Neil Young
  894. Silver Machine                                             Hawkwind
  895. Drag                                                               Low
  896. Communication Breakdown                    Led Zeppelin
  897. Helen Wheels                                               Paul McCartney & Wings
  898. No-One Knows                                             Queens of the Stone Age
  899. Golden Age of Rock ’n’ Roll                     Mott the Hoople
  900. Jenny Was a Friend of Mine                     Killers
  901. Maybe I’m Amazed                                   Paul McCartney
  902. Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner Warren Zevon
  903. Tush                                                               ZZ Top
  904. I Can Never Go Home Anymore             Shangri-Las
  905. Whipping Post                                              Allman Brothers
  906. The Jean Genie                                            David Bowie
  907. I Want to See the Bright Lights                 Richard Thompson
  908. Blank Generation                                        Richard Hell
  909. Ferry Cross the Mersey                               Gerry & The Pacemakers
  910. Runaway Train                                            Soul Asylum
  911. King of the Rumbling Spires                      Tyrannosaurus Rex
  912. Bye Bye Johnny                                          Chuck Berry
  913. One Headlight                                              Wallflowers
  914. Stoney End                                                   Laura Nyro
  915. Buddy Holly                                                 Weezer
  916. Nowadays Clancy Can’t Even Sing        Buffalo Springfield
  917. Story of the Blues                                        Wah!
  918. Adam Raised a Cain                                  Bruce Springsteen
  919. God Gave Rock ’n’ Roll to You               Argent
  920. Magic Man                                                   Heart
  921. Oxford Comma                                           Vampire Weekend
  922. Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap                    AC/DC
  923. On the Radio                                                Cheap Trick
  924. Alone Again Naturally                                Gilbert O’Sullivan
  925. Another Brick in the Wall                          Pink Floyd
  926. Fire                                                             Crazy World of Arthur Brown
  927. Tell Laura I Love Her                                 Ricky Valance
  928. Here’s Where the Story Ends                    Sundays
  929. Brand New Key                                           Melanie
  930. Duncan                                                          Paul Simon
  931. I’m a Boy                                                     Who
  932. Take the Money and Run                         Steve Miller Band
  933. Ballrooms and Mars                                   T-Rex
  934. When Do I Get To Sing “My Way”?       Sparks
  935. Tunnel of Love                                            Fun Boy Three
  936. Your Woman                                               White Town
  937. Merry Xmas Everybody                            Slade
  938. July Flame                                                    Laura Veirs
  939. New Year’s Day                                           U2
  940. If You Go Away                                          Marc & The Mambas
  941. Political World                                              Bob Dylan
  942. As Tears Go By                                            Marianne Faithfull
  943. TV Eye                                                          Stooges
  944. Seven Nation Army                                    White Stripes
  945. Hound Dog                                                   Elvis Presley
  946. You Wear It Well                                         Rod Stewart
  947. Hey Nineteen                                               Steely Dan
  948. Talking Airplane Disaster Blues                Phil Ochs
  949. This Town Ain’t Big Enough For Both of Us Sparks
  950. My Hero                                                        Foo Fighters
  951. Race with the Devil                                 Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  952. Prince Charming                                          Adam & The Ants
  953. Sex and Candy                                            Marcy Playground
  954. Love U More                                                Sunscreen
  955. Sylvia                                                             Focus
  956. Conquistador                                               Procul Harum
  957. Fun Fun Fun                                                 Beach Boys
  958. Loaded                                                          Primal Scream
  959. On the Beach                                               Neil Young
  960. Blowing in the Wind                                    Bob Dylan
  961. Kodachrome                                                Paul Simon
  962. Vienna                                                           Ultravox
  963. Love and a Molotov Cocktail                  Flys
  964. Garden Party                                                Ricky Nelson
  965. Crying in the Rain                                       Everly Brothers
  966. Boy in the Bubble                                       Paul Simon
  967. Everyday is Halloween                              Ministry
  968. The French Song                                          Joan Jett
  969. Worcester City                                             Eliza Carthy
  970. Dance to the Bop                                    Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  971. Get It On                                                       T-Rex
  972. Radio Radio Radio                                     Rancid
  973. Samba Pa Ti                                                 Santana
  974. End of the World                                         Skeeter Davis
  975. Fade Into You                                              Mazzy Star
  976. July Morning                                                Uriah Heep
  977. In Bloom                                                       Nirvana
  978. Rowche Rumble                                          Fall
  979. I Wish You Would                                       Yardbirds
  980. Good Morning Little Schoolgirl                Yardbirds
  981. ME-262                                                         Blue Oyster Cult
  982. Paraffin                                                         Ruby
  983. I Guess That’s Why They Call it the Blues Elton John
  984. Ex-Girlfriend                                                 No Doubt
  985. March of the Black Queen                        Queen
  986. Rock ’n’ Roll Suicide                                  David Bowie
  987. In the Summertime                                     Mungo Jerry
  988. Rock the Casbah                                         Clash
  989. Megalomania                                               Black Sabbath
  990. Carrie                                                             Cliff Richard
  991. Dope Show                                                   Marilyn Manson
  992. Shipbuilding                                                  Robert Wyatt
  993. Semaphore Signals                                     Wreckless Eric
  994. Mandolin Wind                                         Rod Stewart
  995. Jackie                                                             Scott Walker
  996. Shake Your Money Maker                        Fleetwood Mac
  997. Granny Takes a Trip                                   Purple Gang
  998. Indian Summer                                            Doors
  999. Jive Talking                                                  Bee Gees
  1000. Telephone Line                                           Electric Light Orchestra

As I said, I don’t have my identity wrapped up in this list, so if you disagree vehemently about anything, I’m sure I do, too.  (No Men at Work?  No Collective Soul?  No “With or Without You”? Rubbish.)  I don’t consider this list authoritative in any possible sense, but I have found it has told me of artists and songs I’ve never heard of, and even if I don’t treasure them like this fellow does, the experiences outside my rather diminutive personal preference bubble have been good for me.  Thus I’m not saying I am recommending all these songs to you, certainly with far less certainty than Mr. Adler’s list of books, but we have never been ones to shy away from ideas in any medium (other than those obviously crazy ones, of course, like skydiving), so what do you say?  Will you take the 1,000 song challenge?  I apologize for the goofy WordPress spacing, which I couldn’t really adjust for all 1,000 entries. Feel free to download this and turn it into your own checklist.

As of this writing I’m a whopping 1% finished, not counting the songs I’ve already heard before discovering this list.  Slow progress, but progress nonetheless.  I’m sure we shall revisit this list in the future as I travel further along it.  As always, we’d love to hear from you about this list, your list, or practically anything at all.  Cheers!

Work Cited

Thompson, Dave. 1000 Songs that Rock Your World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. 2011. Print.

The Great (and Good) Books

Mortimer Adler

“A list of books should not be regarded as a challenge which you can meet only by finishing every item on it.  It should be regarded as an invitation which you can accept graciously by beginning wherever you feel most at home.” – Mortimer Adler

The late great Mortimer J. Adler, of whom I’m proud to be the most ardent living support, in likely his most popular yet least rightly understood book, How to Read a Book, concludes with an impressive litany of the Great Books, dolloped with a smattering (or smattered with a dolloping if you prefer) with a smaller list of (for him) contemporary Good Books that hadn’t existed long enough to fully warrant a place on the Great Books list.  As he himself noted in the excerpt above, while he encourages us to read them chronologically, he is perfectly fine with us not reading the entire list, for the key is reading books well, not just widely reading poorly (quality, not quantity as we put it).  The Great Books he recommends are listed numerically in mainly chronological order; the Good Books are enumerated second; the individual works indicated “especially” are Mr. Adler’s recommendations.  Mr. Adler originally included publishers and series that made these works available in his day, but as most of those publishers and series are long out of print, we’ll just ignore that part.

The Great Books

  1. Homer
    • Iliad
    • Odyssey
  2. The Old Testament
  3. Aeschylus
    • Tragedies (esp. House of Atreus, Prometheus Bound)
  4. Sophocles
    • Tragedies (esp. Oedipus the King, Antigone, Electra)
  5. Euripides
    • Tragedies (esp. Medea, Electra, Hippolytus, Bacchae)
  6. Herodotus
    • History (of the Persian Wars)
  7. Thucydides
    • History of the Peloponnesian War
  8. Hippocrates
    • Collections of Medical Writing
  9. Aristophanes
    • Comedies (esp. Lysistrata, Clouds, Birds, Frogs)
  10. Plato
    • Dialogues (esp. Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Lysis, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Cratylus, Sophist, Philebus, Theaetetus, Parmenides)
  11. Aristotle
    • Works (esp. Organon, Physics, Metaphysics, De Anima, Ethics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics)
  12. Euclid
    • Elements of Geometry
  13. Cicero
    • Orations
    • Republic
    • Laws
    • Tusculan Disputations
    • Offices
  14. Lucretius
    • Of the Nature of Things
  15. Virgil
    • Aeneid
  16. Horace
    • Odes and Epodes
    • The Art of Poetry
  17. Livy
    • History of Rome
  18. Ovid
    • Metamorphoses
  19. Quintillian
    • Institutes of Oratory
  20. Plutarch
    • Lives
  21. Tacitus
    • Dialogue on Oratory
    • Germania
  22. Nicomachus
    • Introduction to Arithmetic
  23. Epictetus
    • Discourses
  24. Lucian
    • Works (esp. The Way to Write History, The True History, Alexander the Oracle Monger, Charon, The Sale of Lives, The Fisherman, Dialogues of the Gods, Dialogues of the Sea-Gods, Dialogues of the Dead)
  25. Marcus Aurelius
    • Meditations
  26. Galen
    • Of the Natural Faculties
  27. The New Testament
  28. St. Augustine
    • Of the Teacher
    • Confessions
    • City of God
  29. Volsunga Saga (Nibelungenlied)
  30. Song of Roland
  31. Burnt Njal (Icelandic saga)
  32. Maimonides
    • Guide for the Perplexed
  33. St. Thomas Aquinas
    • Of Being and Essence
    • Summa Contra Gentiles
    • Of the Governance of Rulers
    • Summa Theologica
    • Selected Writings
  34. Dante
    • The Divine Comedy
  35. Chaucer
    • The Canterbury Tales
  36. Thomas à Kempis
    • Of the Imitation of Christ
  37. Leonardo da Vinci
    • Notebooks
  38. Machiavelli
    • The Prince
  39. Erasmus
    • The Praise of Folly
    • Colloquies
  40. St. Thomas More
    • Utopia
  41. Rabelais
    • Gargantua and Pantagruel
  42. Calvin
    • Institutes of the Christian Religion
  43. Montaigne
    • Essays (esp. Of the Education of Children, Of Friendship, Of Cannibals, Of Solitude, Of Experience, Of Moderation, Of Books, Of Custom Upon Some Verses of Virgil, Apology for Raymond de Sebond)
  44. Cervantes
    • Don Quixote
  45. Edmund Spenser
    • The Faerie Queene
  46. Francis Bacon
    • The Advancement of Learning
    • The Novum Organum
    • The New Atlantis
  47. Shakespeare
    • Plays
  48. Galileo
    • Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
  49. Harvey
    • On the Motion of the Heart
  50. Grotius
    • The Law of War and Peace
  51. Hobbes
    • Elements of Philosophy
    • Leviathan
  52. Descartes
    • A Discourse on Method
    • Geometry
    • Principles of Philosophy
    • The Passions of the Soul
  53. Corneille
    • Tragedies (esp. The Cid, Cinna)
  54. Milton
    • Areopagitica
    • Paradise Lost
    • Samson Agonistes
  55. Molière
    • Comedies (esp. The Miser, The School for Wives, The Misanthrope, Tartuffe, Tradesman Turned Gentleman, The Imaginary Invalid, The Affected Ladies)
  56. Boyle
    • The Sceptical Chymist
  57. Spinoza
    • Political Treatises
    • Ethics
  58. Locke
    • Letter Concerning Toleration
    • Two Treatises of Civil Government
    • Essays Concerning Human Understanding
    • Some Thoughts Concerning Education
  59. Racine
    • Tragedies (esp. Andromache, Athaliah)
  60. Newton
    • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
    • Opticks
  61. Leibnitz
    • Discourse on Metaphysica
    • New Essays Concerning Human Understanding
    • Monadology
  62. Defoe
    • Robinson Crusoe
    • Moll Flanders
  63. Swift
    • Battle of the Books
    • Tale of a Tub
    • Journal to Stella
    • Gulliver’s Travels
  64. Montesquieu
    • Persian Letters
    • Spirit of Laws
  65. Voltaire
    • Candide
    • Philosophical Dictionary
    • Toleration
  66. Berkeley
    • A New Theory of Vision
    • The Principles of Human Knowledge
  67. Fielding
    • Joseph Andrews
    • Tom Jones
  68. Hume
    • A Treatise of Human Nature
    • Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
    • History of England
  69. Rousseau
    • Émile
    • The Social Contract
    • Confessions
  70. Sterne
    • Tristram Shandy
  71. Adam Smith
    • The Theory of Moral Sentiments
    • The Wealth of Nations
  72. Blackstone
    • Commentaries on the Laws of England
  73. Kant
    • Critique of Pure Reason
    • Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics
    • Critique of Practical Reason
    • Critique of Judgment
  74. Gibbon
    • The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  75. Stendhal
    • The Red and the Black
  76. The Federalist Papers (along with The Articles of Confederation, The Constitution of the United States, and The Declaration of Independence)
  77. Bentham
    • Comment on the Commentaries
    • Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
  78. Goethe
    • Faust
    • Poetry and Truth
  79. Ricardo
    • The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
  80. Malthus
    • Essay on the Principles of Population
  81. Dalton
    • A New System of Chemical Philosophy
  82. Hegel
    • Phenomenology of Spirit
    • Science of Logic
    • Philosophy of Right
    • Philosophy of History
  83. Guizot
    • History of Civilization in Europe
  84. Faraday
    • Experimental Researches in Electricity
  85. Lobachevski
    • Theory of Parallels
  86. Comte
    • General View of Positivism
  87. Balzac
    • Works (esp. Le Père Goriot, Cousin Pons, Eugénie Grandet, Cousin Betty, César Birotteau)
  88. Lyell
    • The Antiquity of Man
  89. J. S. Mill
    • System of Logic
    • Principles of Political Economy
    • On Liberty
    • Of Representative Government
    • Utilitarianism
    • Autobiography
  90. Darwin
    • The Origin of Species
  91. Thackerey
    • Works (esp. Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, The Virginians, Pendennis)
  92. Dickens
    • Works (esp. Pickwick Papers, Our Mutual Friend, David Copperfield, Dombey and Son, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities)
  93. Claude Bernard
    • Introduction to Experimental Medicine
  94. Boole
    • Laws of Thought
  95. Marx
    • Capital (along with The Communist Manifesto)
  96. Melville
    • Typee
    • Moby Dick
  97. Dostoevski
    • Crime and Punishment
    • The Idiot
    • The Brothers Karamazov
  98. Buckle
    • A History of Civilization in England
  99. Flaubert
    • Madame Bovary
  100. Galton
    • Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
  101. Riemann
    • The Hypotheses of Geometry
  102. Ibsen
    • Plays (esp. Peer Gynt, Brand, Hedda Gabler, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll’s House, The Wild Duck, The Master Builder)
  103. Tolstoi
    • War and Peace
    • Anna Karenina
    • What is Art?
  104. Dedekind
    • Theory of Numbers
  105. Wundt
    • Physiological Psychology
    • Outline of Psychology
  106. Mark Twain
    • Innocents Abroad
    • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
    • A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
  107. Henry Adams
    • History of the United States
    • Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres
    • The Education of Henry Adams
    • Degradation of the Democratic Dogma
  108. Charles Peirce
    • Chance, Love, and Logic
    • Collected Papers
  109. William Sumner
    • Folkways
  110. Oliver Wendell Holmes
    • The Common Law
    • Collected Legal Papers
  111. William James
    • Principles of Psychology
    • The Varieties of Religious Experience
    • Pragmatism
    • A Pluralistic Universe
    • Essays in Radical Empiricism
  112. Nietzsche
    • Thus Spoke Zarathustra
    • Beyond Good and Evil
    • The Genealogy of Morals
    • The Will to Power
  113. Georg Cantor
    • Transfinite Numbers

  1. Pavlov
    • Conditioned Reflexes
  2. Poincaré
    • The Foundations of Science
  3. Freud
    • Three Contributions to a Theory of Sex
    • Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
    • Beyond the Pleasure Principle
    • Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
    • The Ego and the Id
    • Civilization and Its Discontents
  4. Thorstein Veblen
    • The Theory of the Leisure Class
    • The Higher Learning in America
    • The Place of Science in Modern Civilization
    • Vested Interests and the State of Industrial Arts
    • Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times
  5. Lenin
    • Imperialism
  6. Proust
    • Remembrance of Things Past
  7. G. B. Shaw
    • Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant
    • Man and Superman
    • Androcles and the Lion
  8. Boas
    • The Mind of Primitive Man
    • Anthropology and Modern Life
  9. Dewey
    • How We Think
    • Democracy and Education
    • Experience and Nature
    • The Quest for Certainty
    • Logic
  10. Bergson
    • Time and Free Will
    • Matter and Memory
    • Creative Evolution
    • Two Sources of Morality and Religion
  11. Whitehead
    • A Treatise on Universal Algebra
    • An Introduction to Mathematics
    • Science and the Modern World
    • Process and Reality
    • Adventures of Ideas
  12. Santayana
    • Scepticism and Animal Faith
    • Realm of Essence
    • Realm of Matter
    • Realm of Truth
  13. Russell
    • Principles of Mathematics
  14. Thomas Mann
    • The Magic Mountain
    • Joseph in Egypt
  15. Einstein
    • The Theory of Relativity
    • Sidelights on Relativity
    • Adventure of Scientific Thought
  16. Trotsky
    • The History of the Russian Revolution
  17. Joyce
    • Ulysses
  18. Maritain
    • Art and Scholasticism
    • Degrees of Knowledge
    • Freedom in the Modern World
    • True Humanism

Hot diggity, I’m excited just looking at those lists.  I hesitate to tell you how many (few) of these I’ve read so far.  People seem to think English teachers have read all the books in the world (strange how they never assume mathematics teachers have counted every number in the world).  I’ll be content (so far) with saying I’ve heard of almost all of the authors Mr. Adler recommends.  Of course, then come all the authors after World War 2….  Better get started on these.

If you need a break from reading, and sure we all do once in a while, turn the page for another list of sensory experiences that may tickle your fancy, as the kids say.

The History of Santa Claus

Emma Kenney

One of the most beloved children’s characters of all time is Santa Claus. There have been dozens of movies and books based on him, and nearly every continent has its own version or versions of him, but how did this so well-known character get his origins?

There are a few different ideas about how Santa Claus came to be, but the most accepted version is the one involving St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas was a monk born in roughly 280 A.D. near turkey. He quickly became known for both his fierce defense of Christianity and his kindness. One of the best examples of his caring spirit is one that was quite well known when he was still alive. Three girls were about to be taken into forced prostitution for life because their father was in deep debt. St. Nicholas secretly gave him three bags of gold to pay off the debt and gain his daughters back. Because of this and similar instances, St. Nicholas became known as the patron saint of children. According to Brian Handwerk, a writer for National Geographic:

The original saint was a Greek born 280 years after Christ who became bishop of Myra, a small Roman town in modern Turkey. Nicholas was neither fat nor jolly but developed a reputation as a fiery, wiry, and defiant defender of church doctrine during the “Great Persecution,” when Bibles were put to the torch and priests made to renounce Christianity or face execution. Nicholas defied these edicts and spent years in prison before Constantine brought Christianity to prominence in his empire. Nicholas’s fame lived long after his death (on December 6 of some unknown year in the mid-fourth century) because he was associated with many miracles, and reverence for him continues to this day independent of his Santa Claus connection.

Nicholas rose to prominence among the saints because he was the patron of so many groups, ranging from sailors to entire nations. “By about 1200,” explained University of Manitoba historian Gerry Bowler, author of Santa Claus: A Biography, “he became known as a patron of children and magical gift bringer because of two great stories from his life.”

In the better-known tale, three young girls are saved from a life of prostitution when young Bishop Nicholas secretly delivers three bags of gold to their indebted father, which can be used for their dowries. “The other story is not so well known now but was enormously well known in the Middle Ages,” Bowler said. Nicholas entered an inn whose keeper had just murdered three boys and pickled their dismembered bodies in basement barrels. The bishop not only sensed the crime, but resurrected the victims as well. “That’s one of the things that made him the patron saint of children.” For several hundred years, circa 1200 to 1500, St. Nicholas was the unchallenged bringer of gifts and the toast of celebrations centered around his day, December 6. The strict saint took on some aspects of earlier European deities, like the Roman Saturn or the Norse Odin, who appeared as white-bearded men and had magical powers like flight. He also ensured that kids toed the line by saying their prayers and practicing good behavior.

After his death, the story of St. Nicholas delivering gifts to children on his saint day (December 6th) was invented. However, after the Reformation saints began to fall out of favor with many people. This caused a problem to arise: people still wanted a day of giving gifts to their children but no longer wanted to claim St. Nicholas was the one behind it. This led to the story of Jesus as a baby delivering gifts to children on Christmas; however, baby Jesus wasn’t very scary and parents didn’t like the idea of having Jesus threaten the children. Once again, the story was adapted to depict Santa Clause as an almost demonic being who would whip or kidnap naughty and disobedient children.

The Dutch, however, didn’t like this version and reverted back to St. Nick. The Dutch brought this with them when they sailed to America. In the earlier 1770s they gathered to honor the saint. A newspaper from New York wrote about the Dutch and their St. Nicholas, then known as Sinter Klaas. After this it was temporarily thrown aside as Christmas became mainly a pagan drinking holiday.

However, this changed in the 1800s when writers made an effort to portray Christmas as a family holiday. This was first done in a book by Washington Irving, stating St. Nicholas gave presents to good children and switches to bad ones. Later, this was adapted again in an anonymous poem that completely tied St. Nick to Christmas, ridding him of any religious ties and giving him the name “Santa Claus.” The next year, 1822, Clement Clarke Moore wrote “The Night Before Christmas” for his children, which is still extremely poplar today. The book was first published anonymously the following year. It was thanks to this story that Santa Claus is known for having reindeer that fly his sleigh.

When Moore’s story was published a political cartoonist by the name of Thomas Nast sketched and published the imagery of Santa Claus that is still popular today. Both Moore’s story and Nast’s drawing depicted Santa Claus as a large and jolly old man with a rosy face and a big white beard. It was because of Nast Santa Claus in his red coat hat with white fur and black boots became popular with the majority of people. It is also thanks to him Santa Claus is associated with the North Pole, Mrs. Claus, and elves.

Also around this time, John Pintard (the man who founded the New York Historical Society) began promoting St. Nicholas as a patron saint of American society. This caused people to revisit the tradition of St. Nicholas delivering gifts to good children around Christmas and have open minds about the new version of Santa and traditions surrounding him that were being presented to the public. According to the St. Nicholas Center:

After the American Revolution, New Yorkers remembered with pride their colony’s nearly-forgotten Dutch roots. John Pintard, the influential patriot and antiquarian who founded the New York Historical Society in 1804, promoted St. Nicholas as patron saint of both society and city. In January 1809, Washington Irving joined the society and on St. Nicholas Day that same year, he published the satirical fiction, Knickerbocker’s History of New York, with numerous references to a jolly St. Nicholas character. This was not the saintly bishop, rather an elfin Dutch burgher with a clay pipe. These delightful flights of imagination are the source of the New Amsterdam St. Nicholas legends: that the first Dutch emigrant ship had a figurehead of St. Nicholas; that St. Nicholas Day was observed in the colony; that the first church was dedicated to him; and that St. Nicholas comes down chimneys to bring gifts. Irving’s work was regarded as the “first notable work of imagination in the New World.”

The New York Historical Society held its first St. Nicholas anniversary dinner on December 6, 1810. John Pintard commissioned artist Alexander Anderson to create the first American image of Nicholas for the occasion. Nicholas was shown in a gift-giving role with children’s treats in stockings hanging at a fireplace. The accompanying poem ends, „Saint Nicholas, my dear good friend! To serve you ever was my end, If you will, now, me something give, I’ll serve you ever while I live.”

Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer was added to the Santa Claus story in 1939 when Robert L. May wrote a poem to help bring customers to his store. The poem tells the story of a reindeer born with a glowing red nose. This, at first, leads him to be ridiculed and excluded by all the other reindeers and even Santa. However, one year on Christmas Eve heavy fog appeared and hindered Santa’s ability to see clearly. He then realized Rudolph was the solution and made him the 9th member of his elite team of reindeer.  The year it was published, nearly 2.5 million copies were sold. 7 years later, when it was reissued, over 3.5 million copies were sold. In 1964 it was made into a popular film narrated by Burl Ives.

After Santa Claus became popular in America the legend finally made its way back to Europe to replace their demonic child-abusing versions of St. Nicholas, though not everyone was on board with the new tamer version. Santa was actually not popular in Russia until the 1900s when Stalin came to power.

It was ultimately World War II that caused the love of Santa Claus known today. America sort of brought their legend of Santa Claus with them everywhere they went, and it was much more well received than the Russian Father Frost.

American stores, specifically those of New York, are mostly responsible for the Santa Clauses at shopping centers. In the 1820s stores began using Santas to help advertise for Christmas shopping. Roughly 20 years later, in 1841, one store in Philadelphia set up a life-sized model of Santa Claus. Hundreds upon hundreds of children came to see him that year. Other stores adopted this as well, but they soon found out it was easier, let alone more appealing to the children, to have a live Santa Claus sit in the store. At the end of the century the Salvation Army began having its workers dress up as Santa Claus to help gain donations to pay for Christmas dinners for homeless or impoverished families. This tradition has been in place ever since.

This is, however, not the only version of Santa Claus still in existence today. Countries all over the world have slightly modified interpretations of the jolly old holiday gift-bringer. In France, children sing songs to Pere Noel and leave out shoes for him to fill with sweets and possibly small gifts while they are sleeping. In Mexico Santo Clos brings children larger gifts around Christmas. However, they receive smaller gifts after the New Year from Reyes Magos. In Russia children receive gifts from a woman named Babushka instead of from Santa Claus or Father Christmas. In Japan children receive Christmas gifts from a monk named Hotel-osho. Children are told he has eyes in the back of his head and can see everything  so they will have extra good behavior around the holidays. Some Japanese families choose to ignore the legend of Hotel-osho and use the American version of Santa and his reindeer instead. In China children hang stockings to be filled with small gifts and all kinds of sweets by Dun Che Lao Ren (Christmas Old Man) during one of their festivals. Children will receive more small gifts and treats during the Chinese New Year. Some children in Norway receive their gifts from a goat-like gnome called Julebukk. Other children receive their gifts from Julenissen (Santa Claus) on Christmas Eve. Children in Ukraine might receive a few small gifts from Father Frost.

The history of Santa Claus is long and sometimes confusing. Cultures all over the world have different ideas of how this person came to be and what form he (or sometimes she) takes. However, two things stand true throughout every culture that tells of some Christmas season gift-bearer: parents want to pass on the generosity and joy that comes with Christmas gift giving to their children, and to some extent culture has shaped the way Santa Claus is portrayed and probably will continue to do so for many years to come. The evolution and history of Santa Claus is far from over


Bibliography

Handwerk, Brian. “St. Nicholas to Santa: The Surprising Origins of Mr. Claus.” National Geographic. National Geographic Society, 20 Dec. 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

“Origin of Santa.” St. Nicholas Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2016.

“Santa Claus.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2010. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.

“Santa’s Net.” Christmas Traditions Around the World. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2016.

Where Does Christmas Come From?

Destiny Phillips Coats

“Jesus is the reason for the season.” That is a quotation we in the Church have heard many times. Christmas from a Christian perspective is the day of the year set aside to honor the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ. Nativity plays and special church gatherings/services are designed specifically to honor Jesus on Christmas —His “birthday.” In Scripture Christmas is not a designated holiday like the Passover or Rosh Hashanah celebrations of the Jewish culture. So where then did this initial celebration come from along with the famous traditions millions of families have adopted as their own on the Christmas holiday? The answer is pagan rituals. Many Christmas traditions done all throughout the world and within the Church are indeed of pagan origin. Keep on reading for the specific origins of the Christmas holiday itself, Christmas trees, festivals/gatherings, Santa, gift giving, caroling, and a few traditions outside the States.

December 25th was first recognized as Christmas Day sometime around 273 AD. The first recordings of a “nativity” celebration by the Roman Church were in 336 AD. Because the Bible or other historical accounts do not exactly specify the actual date of Jesus’ birthday, we can never really know when He was really born. As Christians of the modern era, we could not imagine not celebrating Christmas because of its significance. The early Church however, felt the holiday was of complete irrelevance because it has no Scriptural backing. As the Church began to evangelize to pagan peoples, to keep their winter festivals they changed the focus to Jesus and over time the holiday was adopted.  But before a specific date could be settled upon, it was custom Jesus’ birth celebration was originally combined with the Epiphany celebration.

Epiphany or Theophany, also known as Three Kings’ Day, is a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation of God in his Son as human in Jesus Christ. In Western Christianity, the feast commemorates principally the visit of the Magi to the Christ child, and thus Jesus’ physical manifestation to the Gentiles. Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some Western Christian denominations, also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide. Eastern Christians, on the other hand, commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God.

As time went on and evidence appeared from various historians of Christ’s birthday supposedly on December 25th, the day was then adopted by the Church as the day upon which his birth should be celebrated.

Similar to now, early Christians desired to convert nonbelievers to Christianity to grow the church and fulfill “The Great Commission.” The early Church dealt with mainly two other competing religions of their time, Judaism and Islam. However, most of their time working to convert nonbelievers was spent on the polytheistic people groups that occupied most of the world at the time, pagans. “Paganism is a term that developed among the Christian community of southern Europe during late antiquity to describe religions other than their own, Judaism, or Islam — the three Abrahamic religions.” Specific Christmas traditions inherently pagan are the decorating of a tree, feasts/festivals, mistletoe, and decorating with lights.

The Christmas tree as we now know it, is traditionally a green tree picked out by a family to be placed in the home, decorated, and the designated spot for presents. Decorating indoors with greenery during the winter solstice dates all the way back to the Roman Empire. It was first seen as a Christian Christmas ritual in the 17th century by Germanic pagan converts. During this period on Christmas Eve a nativity play of Adam and Eve was performed in churches as a way to honor/remember creation. A tree was used during this play called the “Paradise Tree” and decorated with fruit to represent the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

The winter solstice is an astronomical occurrence that marks the shortest day and the longest night of the year. Paganism celebrates this day with a festival gathering. Festival gatherings throughout the winter months were also very common in paganism due to the cold nature of the season. Agriculturally speaking the harvest is during the fall so the time to “eat, drink, and be merry” is in the winter season. Also because the winter is very cold, the desire to congregate and be warm was a catalyst for many different types of pagan festivals then kept and altered slightly during the spread of Christianity.

Another pagan ritual is mistletoe. It originates from Norse mythology and folklore dating back to the eighth century. The Norse god Balder was the best loved of all the gods. His mother was Frigga, goddess of love and beauty. She loved her son so much she wanted to make sure no harm would come to him. So she went through the world, securing promises from everything that sprang from the four elements — fire, water, air, and earth — that they would not harm her beloved Balder. Leave it to Loki, a sly, evil spirit, to find the loophole. The loophole was mistletoe. He made an arrow from its wood. To make the prank nastier, he took the arrow to Hoder, Balder’s brother, who was blind. Guiding Hoder’s hand, Loki directed the arrow at Balder’s heart, and he fell dead. Frigga’s tears became the mistletoe’s white berries. In the version of the story with a happy ending, Balder is restored to life, and Frigga is so grateful she reverses the reputation of the offending plant, making it a symbol of love and promising to bestow a kiss upon anyone who passes under it.

Decorating with lights is now viewed as a fun family affair. Everyone participates in putting lights up, going to look at various lights around neighborhoods, and people even go to festivals of lights. Lighting our homes and various buildings during the winter months originates with pagans lighting bonfires and candles during the winter solstice to celebrate the anticipated return of light back to the earth. The god Sol Invictus was also celebrated with lights during the winter months. The early Christians adopted this ritual and changed the meaning to be a representation of Jesus as “the light of the world,” the light that guided the Magi to Jesus in the early first century AD. In our every-increasingly secular world, putting up lights on houses is just a common tradition amongst families during the Christmas season.

In elementary school I remember vividly getting in trouble for telling other children Santa Claus was not real. There was one instance I was made to write a formal apology to a classmate for denouncing the existence of Santa. Santa Claus, the omniscient gift giver who travels the world in one night to deliver presents, has existed since the third century. Santa Claus is the English version of the Dutch “Sinter Klaas” or Saint Nicholas. St. Nicholas died supposedly on December 6 AD 342. December 6th was then a day set aside for a feast in his honor. Saint Nicholas was born in Turkey in AD 282 in the city Patras. He came from a wealthy family and was made the Bishop of Myra at a fairly young age. Because of his generosity and acts of kindness on earth like giving gifts to the poor, the Dutch believed he returned on December 6th to give out presents or punishments. From this belief of the Dutch other tales were developed in his remembrance and variations of it have been told over the course of history. Dependent upon the country, “Sinter Klaas” is honored differently. The two main tales told after his death are titled The Three Daughters and The Children at the Inn.

The first story shows his generosity. There were three unmarried girls living in Patras who came from a respectable family, but they could not get married because their father had lost all his money and had no dowries for the girls. The only thing the father thought he could do was to sell them when they reached the age to marry. Hearing of the imminent fate, Nicholas secretly delivered a bag of gold to the eldest daughter, who was at the right age for marriage but had despaired of ever finding a suitor. Her family was thrilled at her good fortune and she went on to become happily married. When the next daughter came of age, Nicholas also delivered gold to her. According to the story handed down, Nicholas threw the bag through the window and it landed in the daughter’s stocking, which she had hung by the fire to dry. Another version claims Nicholas dropped the bag of gold down the chimney. By the time the youngest daughter was old enough for marriage, the father was determined to discover his daughters’ benefactor. He, quite naturally, thought she might be given a bag of gold too, so he decided to keep watch all night. Nicholas, true to form, arrived and was seized, and his identity and generosity were made known to all. As similar stories of the bishop’s generosity spread, anyone who received an unexpected gift thanked St. Nicholas.

Another one of the many stories told about St. Nicholas explains why he was made a patron saint of children. On a journey to Nicaea, he stopped on the way for the night at an inn. During the night he dreamt a terrible crime had been committed in the building. His dream was quite horrifying. In it three young sons of a wealthy Asian, on their way to study in Athens, had been murdered and robbed by the innkeeper. The next morning he confronted the innkeeper and forced him to confess. Apparently the innkeeper had previously murdered other guests and salted them down for pork or had dismembered their bodies and pickled them in casks of brine. The three boys were still in their casks, and Nicholas made the sign of the cross over them and they were restored to life.

From these tales people practiced gift-giving during the winter months and telling the tale of Saint Nicholas. The version of Santa Claus we have today has been tainted from the original version because of the immersion of the Christian society into the pagan cultures near the end of the first millennium. Sometimes in America we think our version of everything is universal everywhere. The American version of Santa Claus is an example of something that is not. Dependent upon the country, different tales have been passed down and changed by generations and generations of people.

Caroling is a time for people to gather in groups and sing songs about Christmas. Caroling is often done by choir groups or churches who travel through neighborhoods or various venues to share the gift of song with others. Caroling, believe it or not, is also a pagan ritual. The word “carol” means to sing and dance. During the first millennium many cultures “caroled” throughout the year as a means to celebrate during certain occurrences or praise acts of their gods or nature. Caroling during the winter months was originally a big part of the winter solstice festival. Tons of people would gather in a village square to sing and dance, praising nature for the return of longer days and shorter nights. When the Christians began converting the pagans, they found it very difficult to break them away from the many gatherings and rituals throughout the year. These evangelists instead tried to change the purpose of these festivals to be about Christ is some way. The most popular festival with a change of focus is our modern day Christmas. By changing the focus of the winter solstice festival, they also gave them Christian songs to sing during the winter months. These are our modern day “carols.”

The way one is brought up takes a huge role in the way she acts and the things she does. Similarly, where one is born geographically can often determine what one will do come certain times of the year. This is true for the Christmas holiday. Worldwide this holiday is a celebration of the birth of Christ, the arrival of Santa Claus, a celebration of the winter solstice, honoring of Saints, and many other things. We know how we celebrate here in the States, but what about other nations? In Sweden, Finland, and Denmark the beginning of the Christmas season begins on December 13th with the celebration of Saint Lucia.

The St. Lucia Day holiday is considered the beginning of the Christmas season and, as such, is sometimes referred to as “little Yule.” Traditionally, the oldest daughter in each family rises early and wakes each of her family members, dressed in a long, white gown with a red sash and wearing a crown made of twigs with nine lighted candles. For the day, she is called “Lussi” or “Lussibruden” (Lucy bride). The family then eats breakfast in a room lighted with candles.

The Germanic people groups of the early centuries brought us the tradition of decorating Christmas trees. The pagan ritual of decorating greenery during the winter solstice was a big part of their culture they did not let go after the spread of Christianity. Christmas trees were introduced to the English after the union of England’s Queen Victoria and Germany’s Prince Albert. Christmas trees first appeared in Pennsylvania in the 1820s upon the arrival of German immigrants. These are just two of the many example of people all around the world who have added to the history of the Christmas holiday we all so dearly enjoy.

It is hard to believe one of the top two most popular Christian holidays, Christmas, is inherently pagan. In the church, Christmas is all about Christ and celebrating His coming. In the world, Christmas is about Santa Claus, buying gifts, gatherings, and good food. The secular view of the Christmas holiday is focused solely on individuals, while Christians try their best to make it all about Jesus. How well are we, Christians, doing at trying to make Christmas about Christ?

With our consumer-based society, fast-paced life, and desire for instantaneous possession of material things, the purpose of Christmas I believe has been lost. The original purpose of the winter celebration was to honor the winter solstice —pagan. But the holiday we celebrate today as the Church is similar in practice but very different in focus — Christ. However, I do believe some of the Church has lost that focus. Christians are raising their children to believe in Santa Claus, causing their whole holiday to be about receiving presents instead of celebrating our Lord and Savior’s birthday. Churches have caught on to the new title of “X-mas” for the holiday. This is new title completely removes Christ from the picture. So, should we celebrate the Christmas holiday as believers even though it is inherently pagan? I believe so. Why? Because we have a new focus for which we celebrate. The problem comes when we as the Church forget this focus and fall in line with what the world is doing on this holiday. Always remember, “Jesus is the reason for the season!”

Sources

Christmas Then and Now

Katie Kenney

When the normal everyday person thinks about Christmas she normally doesn’t think about the birth of Jesus. Most people are concerned with traditions, food, and gifts. Today, more people are concerned with getting gifts than giving them. Many things have changed, like how many people view Christmas religiously, the importance of buying expensive gifts, and the amount of rest people get. The focus on what is most important has shifted. Spending time with family that haven’t been visited in some time is less important than making sure your house looks like it’s from a Hallmark Christmas movie to some people. How many gifts a person gets and how much the presents cost may be more valuable than the celebration of the birth of Christ to someone you know. We, as a people group, have developed and changed over the course of decades and centuries, so much so a widely celebrated holiday is completely different. By that I mean Christmas used to be a very public celebration, but it is now kept to families and parties with a limited amount of people at them. If that has changed then what else has?

It has come to my attention many children under the age of ten have phones, computers, tablets, and TVs much more expensive and much nicer than anything I had when I was as old as they are. I can’t even imagine what it is like for my parents and grandparents who have literally grown up having no cell phone or laptop to see kids of ten years play inside with video games as their form of entertainment instead of outside like they did. Young people, children and teenagers, seem to have a great want for electronic devices as a whole. Today’s generation has a better knowledge of electronics and how they work. Some people want to improve their knowledge and see what they can create and do with it. Others just want to have devices to entertain them and unintentionally keep them distracted from things outside of the Internet, even though almost everything is online today. This can keep teenagers who are not believers away from God and His word or even give them false information about who He is. Their want of physical things renders them unable to receive God’s promises.

Everyone has seen a little kid have a full out temper tantrum in a public store sometime in their lives. Most of the time, these tantrums happen because the child has been told he can’t have something. Around Christmas, when mothers take their kids with them to places like the grocery store, the amount of outbursts from children increase. This is because small toys and decorations are put out, which gives kids more things to want. They don’t care about making their dad a finger painting and giving it to him on Christmas; they care about getting new toys and playing with them immediately after they open the box it came in. The focus in children’s eyes during Christmas time seems to be about what they want. Many children are asked what they want for Christmas and what they will do with it if they get it. During times of war, kids didn’t get to tell what they wanted and why. They didn’t get to ask for a multitude of toys they wanted because there wasn’t enough resources or time to make the toys.

The Bible says good deeds will not get you into Heaven, but your faith will. This is specifically said in Ephesians 2:8-9, “For by grace you have been saved through grace. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast.” This means the things you do will not help you get into Heaven, but the faith and trust you put into God will allow you to pass through the gates of Heaven. Unfortunately, this is often forgotten all year ’round, especially during Christmas. Stories about Santa say you have to act well and do good things so you can get presents from him. If you aren’t seen as a good kid then you are punished and coal is put into your stocking instead of candy. This makes kids think from a very young age the only way they can receive good things is by doing good things. Now doing good acts is not at all bad, but thinking the things you do will get you places, like Heaven, is not a good mindset to have.

In a history class, you are obviously taught different things about different time periods. During the time of WWII, people were definitely less greedy than they are now. Children understood, to a certain extent, they couldn’t have everything they wanted because it was to be given to someone else or there wasn’t any more of what they wanted. All of the resources we have today were not available to them because of the state they were in. It was hard to be happy during Christmas because almost everyone knew someone in the war, fighting for their country and their lives. Jews in countries where Communism had control were unable to do the practices and traditions they believed in. They couldn’t even say they were a Jew without having some form of harm inflicted upon them. They had to stuff down their beliefs in order to live sometimes. Across the world, people were unable to buy gifts for everyone they knew because there were less jobs and less money, not even dealing with the fact more weapons were made than toys because of the war.

Going along with the fact religion was hard to express in certain European countries during WWII, religion was hardly spread to other people. Evangelism was minimal because Communist leaders said no religion was allowed and if you said you belonged to one then you could be sent to a concentration camps, possibly many different ones, or even killed on sight. No one in their right mind would tell others about Jesus in the middle of a common place where Communist soldiers walked around. Today, people do that: they hold meetings in public parks, or other places not secretive, and talk about Jesus. People stand out in the winter cold to tell people who happen to walk by them about the joy of Jesus Christ. Evangelism is more prominent than it was before because many people have more freedom to evangelize. They are not as scared to share the gospel. 

Santa is a widely known fictional being who brings people gifts in the middle of the night. Many children believe in him, or believed in him at one point in their childhood, and they found great joy in the idea of him. Jesus is the Son of God who rose from the dead and has cleansed us of our sins. He has given us the opportunity to live forever with Him after we die if we have faith and believe in Him even though we cannot see Him. Unfortunately, some people prefer Santa to Jesus, even people who no longer believe in Santa. A reason people do not believe in Christ is because they do not want to commit to things in the Bible like the Ten Commandments, even though He can bring peace and joy to them. With Santa, there is only one commitment: to be good. This can seem quite appealing, causing people to like the concept of Santa more than they like the concept of Jesus. Most people like to do things the easy way and tend to lean toward the side of less work, which in this case is Santa. However, just because something takes less work does not mean it is better than something that takes a lot of hard work, no matter how hard people try to make that true. Being a Christian takes more work than saying you don’t believe in God, but being a believer is a much better life than going without knowing about God.

On social media, young people seem to care less about the things important to religion or important to the betterment of the world and more about making funny images to share with their friends or getting a certain amount of attention on their pictures they’ve posted. This means some things, like the religion in Christmas for example, can be forgotten. Because of a survey, we know only 39% of young adults ages 18-29 see Christmas as a religious holiday, comparing to 66% of adults aged 65 and older. This shows the value of Christmas has changed over time. The importance of Christmas is looked over or seen as useless by 61% of young adults, which is quite obviously more than half. Those who are older, specifically those who are older than 64, see Christmas is a religious holiday more than adults who are in their twenties. What happened? How did a whole generation just decide Christmas had nothing to do with Jesus Christ? Perhaps they were influenced by those you do not believe online. Maybe they were told if they viewed Christmas as a religious holiday they were stupid or less than those who didn’t view Christmas religiously. It may also be possible they think they will look cooler if they say they don’t believe. Either way, this may mean the percentage of young adults who see Christmas as a religious holiday will drop even lower in the following years.

Around Christmas, it is common for people to be more stressed than they usually are. There is a lot of running around to find the perfect gift, the biggest Christmas tree, or the prettiest home decorations, which can take a toll on someone. If you are struggling to find the one thing your friend asked you for, it might make your stress levels rise. Many stores try to alleviate this stress by being open 24/7, or maybe they’re just doing it for business purposes, but it doesn’t always help. Some stores also allow online shopping so you don’t have to go out in the Christmas shopping rush that looms over people’s heads. However, some people just like to physically go out and shop for what they need or want, even though it might cause them more stress. Many people try to shop early for Christmas presents and ask for Christmas lists a couple months before December. For example, on Black Friday, a multitude of people go out and buy all sorts of things because practically everything is on sale in some way, shape, or form. It is seen by many as a great opportunity to do most, if not all, of their Christmas shopping. It can be quite stressful because there are so many people trying to buy the same things as you when the items are limited. Many people just want to get their shopping over with, but that can just bring more worry and stress. If you try to get everything done before the “rush” then you are rushing yourself, which isn’t the best idea if you are trying to make every little thing about the presents you are giving absolutely perfect.

In 2014, the average American spent $860 on Christmas presents for people they know. This means the amount of money spent for Christmas gifts had increased by 35% in the last thirty years before then. Over time, the prices of the majority of items has increased. If something is expensive then it is most often seen as a better product than an extremely similar product with a smaller price. Because of that, people may buy more expensive things even though they don’t need to or it isn’t in their budget. Speaking of budgets, how come people have bought things that have increased in price over time when the average American income has only increased 6.5% since 1985? That just doesn’t fit well with the increase in the amount of money spent for Christmas gifts. People are buying things that cost a lot of money or that add up to a lot of money, but not everyone has the money to do so and live without having to knock some things down on their priority list. 

On Christmas Eve, it is tradition for some families to drive around their neighborhoods to look at homes decorated with Christmas lights or inflated Santa Clauses. Many families also go to light set-ups like the one in Newport News Park on the weeks before Christmas. It is very common for American families to hang lights on the outside of their house, whether it be on the trim of their roof or the bushes and trees in their yards. Some families are more passionate than others and have an overwhelming want to have the best decorated house on their street. They want to outdo everyone else they know or see. This concept can be seen in the movie Deck the Halls, in which two neighbors compete against each other to see who can have the brightest Christmas lights that may be seen in space. Christmas lights are incredibly important to some people, more important than socializing with people they haven’t seen all year. Over time tangible things like lights and gifts have been focused on more than things like family and the birth of Jesus. You can be ridiculed greatly if you don’t have a Christmas tree somewhere in your house and will be told why you should have one, but if you don’t celebrate Christmas religiously than it is less common for someone to tell you why you should. Decorations seem to be more important than the real reason why Christmas is even celebrated.

In conclusion, Christmas has changed drastically in ways not in plain view for everyone, but if you think about it then it is quite obvious. When you look back and see how different Christmas was it makes you wonder how different Christmas will be in the following decades. The changes that have been made, from main focuses to decorations to beliefs, can be seen as bad, as good, or as the development of our world. Change isn’t inherently bad, but when changes are made to shift the focus away from Jesus and the truth He gives onto things of our human world, it isn’t the best change possible. All of the changes made that don’t fit with what the Bible tells us can be changed again. We have the opportunity to change things back to what God wants, instead of what our human brains want.

Bibliography

Mazza, Juliana. 22WWLP. LIN Television Corporation, 25 Dec. 2014. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. http://wwlp.com/2014/12/25/christmas-has-changed-over-the-decades/.

Pruitt, Sarah. History. A&E Television Networks, 24 Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. http://www.history.com/news/christmas-traditions-past-and-present.

Jesus, the Perfect Leadership Example

Tim Seaton

Jesus is our perfect leader we can rely on whenever we need Him. He came to the earth and died for us, then rose again just to save us. That was His mission and reason for being on the earth.  He was God’s son and He wants us to come to Heaven and believe in Him. He wants us to lead a life as close to what He lived as we can, even though nobody other than He ever was or will be perfect. He is the perfect example of a good leader because of what He accomplished and what He did while He was here on earth.

Leadership is when you are in a position to set the example for others or the ability to lead others. Leaders should have a selfless heart that is willing to put their needs after the needs of the people they are leading. Jordan French of BNB Shield said, “Leadership is serving the people that work for you by giving them the tools they need to succeed. Your workers should be looking forward to the customer and not backwards, over their shoulders, at you. It also means genuine praise for what goes well and leading by taking responsibility early and immediately if things go bad.” He is talking about the world’s version of a good leader, and he has some good points.  However, to find the very best example of a leader, we should look to Jesus as our example.  We have the opportunity to be able to influence people in a good way and show them the love and kindness of Jesus Christ He showed us before He was on earth, while He was on earth, and still today.

A good leader always has a mission or purpose in mind and is focused on accomplishing it.  Jesus is a great example of this. He was absolutely focused on His one mission: to save the world and nothing else. He exhibited many excellent leadership qualities during His time on earth.

One characteristic of excellent leadership is being humble. A good leader is never overly confident in his abilities. He encourages others to keep going when there are tough times, and he never boasts when he does better than everyone else. He doesn’t build himself up and tear others down to make him look better or to raise himself to glory. Instead, he lower himself to enable him to help others and show them the grace of God. Jesus demonstrates grace and humility by coming to the earth and dying for us in our place. Leaders, like Jesus, don’t build themselves in false ways. Instead, they do it through actions they perform and words they say.

Another leadership characteristic is being authoritative. When you assert power over others, it doesn’t have to be a dictatorship. It can be a time like Jesus’ where He ruled His followers not by fear, but by respect for Him and His teachings. One time, He turned money tables over that were in the temple because it was wrong to have them in there. Multiple times, He drove the demons out of people with His authority over the heavens and the earth. He demonstrated authority by doing these and many more things that showed his authority over humans and Satan.  Like Jesus, great leaders act with an understanding that they have authority.

Another example of Jesus being a leader is how He showed great self-restraint even when it was incredibly difficult because of His needs and desires. When He went into the wilderness, He was able to resist Satan by telling him scripture and not falling into the temptations any other man probably would have fallen into. While on the earth, He faced countless more tough things, yet He faced them all in perfection. While we might not be perfect like Jesus, our goal should be to try to show this same kind of self-restraint. Jesus was definitely a good leader. He taught others the ways they should live through His example. Demonstrating  the right thing to do is a characteristic of leadership. He showed self-restraint when He was tempted to do the wrong thing, choosing what was right. Showing this restraint is leadership because it is showing one can be trusted to make the right decisions when needed.

A fourth quality is His ability to connect with His followers and build strong relationships. He did this by talking to His disciples away from everybody else, and then talking to everyone else in sermons. He built relationships by interacting with anybody who wanted to hear the gospel and then explaining the gospel to them. Communicating with the people under you is a big part of being an effective leader people respect. Some great examples of connecting and with people is Jesus’ miracles. Some Jesus performed were feeding the 5,000 on the mountain, raising Lazarus from the dead, making the crippled walk again and the blind see. He told the disciples to fish off the other side of the boat where they had been fishing all day, and they caught more than their boats could hold. He healed people by just touching them. He calmed raging storms in the middle of the sea. But maybe the biggest miracle of all was raising Himself from the dead after three days. When He was about to leave the earth, He gave the disciples instructions for when He ascended to heaven, on which they followed through because He was their leader and friend and they respected Him. It shows how much of an impact Jesus really had on people throughout His time on earth, even though He was an enemy of the Romans. When the people saw He actually cared for him, he was immediately looked at and seen as a leader because of His relationship with them. He was able to influence people to follow him and to be more Christ-like by interacting and communicating with His followers.

Another characteristic of being a leader is serving others in whatever ways you can. As a leader, you cannot expect to be able to sit there and have them do all the work for you. Leaders should lead by example, not by telling people what to do. When you serve others, you are letting them know they are important to the cause they are helping. Jesus dedicated His entire life to being a servant to His followers. One passage that ties into being a leader and serving others is Luke 22:24-27: “A dispute also arose among them as to which of them was considered to be greatest. Jesus said to them, ‘The kings of the Gentiles lord it over them; and those who exercise authority over them call themselves benefactors. But you are not to be like that. Instead, the greatest among you should be like the youngest, and the one who rules like the one who serves. For who is greater, the one who is at the table or the one who serves? Is it not the one who is at the table? But I am among you as one who serves.’” Jesus lived out this truth. When you are a servant, you have the opportunity to see how a leader really can affect you. If you then rise to a leadership position, then you are able to use what you saw when you were a servant to being a leader.

Another characteristic of strong leaders is the ability to create teams and figure out how people work together. Jesus gathered the disciples as His followers. They left everything behind and became His faithful followers. People listened to Him and believed in Him in part due to His dedicated followers. He understood each disciple had strengths and weaknesses and was able to work with them anyway. As a leader, you need to be able to communicate well with people who are under you as well as those who are above you. If you don’t then your groups could be unbalanced and unhelpful to each other, and therefore, result in  an ineffective team. Jesus was great at this.  He chose good people who were willing to leave behind their lives and follow Him because of His ability to pull them together.  As a leader today, this same skill of being able to put together a good team is still of utmost importance.

Another important characteristic of an outstanding leader is the ability to share what you believe in and inspire others to believe in the same thing. When you can speak with clarity to other people you are leading, then they are going to trust you more and relate to you. He showed and inspired His disciples to follow His message. If you aren’t able to communicate and inspire, then people may not be willing to follow your lead.

A final characteristic of a leader Jesus demonstrated so perfectly is being able to realize a higher authority and recognizing who it is. Jesus prayed daily to God, even though in heaven they are equal. He did this out of respect to God. He also prayed to God on the cross when He was about to die asking God to spare Him, but He knew He had to go through with it if He was going to save humans. As a leader today, we need to be able to realize we have a higher authority in teachers, parents, and especially in God. If we recognize that, then we can finally realize we aren’t the ruler of the world, even when we think our ideas are better than what others have. In honoring a higher authority, we are saying we understand the value of leadership, authority, humility, and demonstrate we are willing to listen to others.

Following Jesus’ leadership skills can apply to us today even though many good leaders were around before we were alive. Jesus was alive 2,000 years ago, yet he still influences people today in a positive way. This supports the fact He was a good leader. If He could do this, then shouldn’t we strive to do the same? Jesus still has great influence in our world and would be considered a leader still, 2,000 years after He walked on the earth. This proves just how effective He was as a leader.

In conclusion, I want to make sure people are aware being a good leader, or a bad one, can affect people’s lives immensely. We have the ability to make purposeful decisions about how we will lead. If you choose to be a good one, then you will be able to know you have possibly helped lives turn for the better. Follow Jesus’ example of a good leader. When we are leading in this way, we are showing God’s love to everyone under us or above us and is learning from us how to be a good leader. We can be leaders anywhere we go at any time if we follow Jesus’ example.

Forgotten Gems: Business as Usual

Christopher Rush

Man at Play

Of all the albums we’ve explored in the Forgotten Gems series (and its ill-defined offshoot Overlooked Gems), Business as Usual by Men at Work is likely the album I’ve least listened to.  One of them had to be, statistically, so that’s not a big deal, but it is significant enough for me to mention it.  I’ve had it for some time, though I certainly did not listen to it when it immediately came out (like some albums we’ve explored) though mainly because I was one year old at the time.  When the series was first conceived, I knew immediately the entire lineup of albums I wanted to explore, which we did in our initial run before our hiatus.  Now, though, as we have the time to luxuriate in whatever fancy comes our way, I have noticed my listening habits, while not necessarily “expanded,” have broadened enough to focus on the peripheral music of my youth, giving it more due attention now as I am slightly more mature than I was when such music first entered my awareness.  Boy, that was a complicated sentence.  The point of which is to say I have been listening to this album acutely lately, and I have been favorably impressed by it, especially as it is timely for us even thirty-five years on.

Side One

I am using the LP designation here not because I own it but simply for ease of reference.  I own the remastered 2003 compact disc release with bonus tracks.  Such is one convenient feature of coming late to an album such as this: nice bonus tracks (though we will leave the argument of digital sound quality versus vinyl quality sound alone for now).

“Who Can It Be Now?” is one of the two songs you likely remember from this album and the group, even if you don’t immediately recall the band name or album title (or even, like me, the names of the band members).  One of the driving forces of this series has been “the entire album is good, not just the famous tracks,” and while that is certainly true here for this album, let’s not overlook how good the famous songs are just because they are famous — that is also too easy to do; as odd as it sounds, we don’t always appreciate the songs we like (and not just because radio deejays told us to like them).  Certainly this song gives us the distinctive Men at Work sound: Greg Ham’s saxophone.  Such is not to say they were the only band with a significant saxophone component, but Greg Ham’s saxophone riffs on “Who Can It Be Now?” announce this is not just the same-old pop-rock experience, even if the song has become commonplace.  Certainly Colin Hay’s Australian timbre adds to the distinctive nature of the band and the album, and their nationality certainly informs a good deal of the social issues discussed on this album and others (as it always does for every artist).  Lyrically, it seems like a simple “Go away, I’m tired” song buoyed by a catchy musical score, but the tail-end of verse two gives us a glimpse of the deeper lyrical skill of Colin Hay.  There may be some connection to Pink Floyd’s The Wall, here: the “he” knocking all this time may be the narrator himself, not an external force, if the narrator is a hidden psychological facet of the main person.  “I’ve done no harm, I keep to myself; / There’s nothing wrong with my state of mental health. / I like it here with my childhood friend; / Here they come, those feelings again!”  If the “he” knocking is the conscious mind of the narrator trying to rescue the actual singing voice person, perhaps the knocking is a positive thing after all, and the whole song is a deep exploration of identity, health, sanity, and society.  The Pink Floyd connection would be then if the knocker is a friend or someone trying to help the person come out of the shell/supposed security that may be doing more harm than good.  The bridge, though, could disabuse this interpretation, sending it all into a Kafka Trial-like or Dostoyevsky Crime and Punishment-like situation.  Or the person is just bonkers and paranoid.  In any event, there’s more to it than just a catchy pop/new wave song.

“I Can See It in Your Eyes” has a dreamlike quality about it, caught up in a prescient awareness of the impending future, memories of the distant past, and a sharpening awareness of the present.  The electronic sounds undergirding it aid the mystical, introspective aspects, which is rather impressive considering how early on in the electronic music age this came to us.  As the narrator’s understanding strengthens throughout the song, I’m not sure if we are to grow in sorrow for him or appreciation, as his ability to appraise the situation and her needs/desires does not imply deeply felt regret: he may be ready to move on to something more as well, now that he is a more cognizant person himself.  Losing her could be what they both need.  (Personally, I found this song ironically refreshing as I recently threw away a number of old high school photographs days before hearing it again, and I, too, did not feel sad about it — it was very freeing.  I have my memories and other photographs; I don’t need to keep all the stuff of the past.)

“Down Under” is an odd one.  It’s the other famous one you remember, the jaunty groove with a chorus that makes you think it’s a patriotic song about how proud they are to be Australian.  But that’s not really what it’s about.  Australia, like all countries, has a complicated past, and this song tries to remind us about that, not encourages us to wave flags and slam a Foster’s into us as fast as possible in blind devotion and celebration.  The narrator of the song is some travelling drug addict (“head full of zombie”; “Lying in a den in Bombay”) who benefits greatly from the kindness of strangers, many of whom give him food, and despite their generosity and international camaraderie, he still thinks he is superior to others because of his material prosperity and his country’s prosperity — a prosperity, like all 1st World countries’, derived at least in historical part from plunder, conflict, stereotyping, oppression, and the like.  Not to forget the gender distinction of women in a positive light and men doing nothing but plundering and chundering (vomiting).  But still.  It’s a catchy tune, and the song does not want us to think so wholly lowly of Australia as I may have just made it out to sound.  It’s a song that reminds us our patriotism must be tempered by a proper understanding of history, for good or ill.

The quintessential Men at Work/Greg Ham saxophone shines through in “Underground” as well, so much so you may think this “Who Can It Be Now?” if you aren’t paying enough attention immediately, though you’ll recognize it as Men At Work instantly.  This is a very clever song, one of the more overtly political commentary tracks on the album.  The opening lines tell us we have a responsibility not to give in to the Decision Makers and Thought Police (or whomever) who have taken over: keep fighting the good fight.  The eponymous “underground” seems to be where the rich and powerful live now that life on the surface of the planet has become some post-apocalyptic 1984/V for Vendetta dystopia of bureaucratic food lines and gun control.  The end of the song seems like we are on some sort of commando raid among the wealthy elite in the underground, adding to the dynamic atmosphere and energy of the number, always driven by the saxophone line.

I would normally pronounce the title of the next song “helpless aww-TOM-a-tahn,” but that’s not how the song says it: “helpless auto-MAY-ton.”  We can forgive this pronunciation, as it occurs, I think, solely to fit the metrical pattern of the lyrical line, and since Homer did that all the time and Shakespeare and Milton did that all the time, surely Men at Work can do it here.  I’m no expert on New Wave music, but I suspect this song may be the most New Wavy of the album; at least it’s the most sci-fi contemporary of the album, coming out around the same time as John Sladeck’s Roderick and a little after Asimov’s Bicentennial Man (though several other robot-themed movies and novels had been out for some time, certainly).  It does have that mechanical sound to it, indeed, driven by the synthesized sounds of the keyboard.  I don’t have proof the band read any of those, but it is odd how this song came out at a time when robotics was seeing not just a resurgence but the beginnings of palpability (Data on Next Generation is only about five years away).  This song sounds a little different as well being sung not by Colin Hay but by saxophone/flute/keyboard man Greg Ham.  In our present age of all-powerful and frightening cyborgs and Terminators and Information Superhighway-powered Drones and Probes, a song about a “helpless” automaton seems even more bizarre.  Sure, some of the rhymes may seem a little forced, but don’t they usually, though?

Side Two

Side two opens with a song seemingly innocuous, especially in the relative shallowness of its verses, but the song has become frighteningly more relevant today than when it first came out: “People Just Love to Play with Words.”  We live in an age in which it seems each year They decide to redefine some term or concept or idea: marriage, love, justice, family, words ending in –phobic, respect — all sorts of words, for good or ill, have been redefined lately, and while it has not been “playing,” and has very serious ramifications for all of us who have a more accurate grasp on reality, it has a similar sort of capriciousness to it (albeit a more anti-traditional vindictive capriciousness, if such a thing is possible).  I certainly don’t want to delve too much into contemporary political commentary (longtime readers surely know by now I have very little involvement in the “now” anyway), but it has been a very bizarre thing to witness, a phenomenon more manifest by this song, even if the song did not intend to prophecy the deconstructive 21st century.

“Be Good Johnny” may seem naïvely simple, but it is another clever song from Men at Work making this album far richer than most think it is (which, of course, is the point of this article).  This is a prequel to “Johnny B. Goode,” in which young Johnny is being confronted by all sorts of authority figures who assume living life their way is the way to go.  Now, we have just lamented somewhat the current trend of rejecting tradition (a trend that has been around for so long it has effectively become a tradition itself, ironically), but the traditions of this song are not really good ones: they’re just the safe, convenient anti-individual sort of thing Society wants you to do (as good-intentioned as the grownups may be) — don’t rock the boat, do the things we all love doing (football, cricket), learn a trade not important beautiful life things — those sorts of “traditions.”  Instead of all that palaver, young Johnny just wants to dream and yet he still manages to be a good boy and honor his parents, even if he isn’t on some sort of fast track to a lucrative career.  The catchiest part of the song is the repetitive but fun chorus, even though the chorus consists solely of tendentious authoritative advice, none of which Johnny needs.  Combined with the dialogue and various musical sections, this is a very good song.

The middle of the second side is another overtly socio-political commentary track, “Touching the Untouchables,” and I admit I suspect my interpretation of this song could be way off.  Surely our initial thoughts when hearing or reading the title of the song is “it’s about India,” but I don’t think it’s directly about India.  Since Men at Work are from Australia not England, I’m not sure there’s an immediate visceral/historical connection there — though, it could have some connections to the caste system, indeed; Colin Hay is a very intelligent songwriter.  It seems to me this song is about the financially struggling, the homeless, the downtrodden of society, the ones we sort of think we want to help, but as the song says “in the end you know / You turn away.”  It’s an important message, yet even in its criticism it does not descend into excoriation.  “What can I say?” is the response to “You turn away,” not “What a filthy unchristian hypocrite you are, rich guy!”  Musically, it’s very much a product of its time, with a Police-like reggae/New Wave rhythm, but it’s very distinct from the Police, especially in the saxophone triplet-like interjections during the chorus — they are very hard to describe and initially seem out of place, but the more one listens to the song the more these bizarre sounds fit completely with the complete musical/lyrical experience.

One gets the sense by this point the album is slowing down.  “People Just Love to Play with Words” is jaunty, “Be Good Johnny” is only slightly slower if at all, “Touching the Untouchables” uses a much different reggae-like 6/8-feel, all leading into “Catch a Star,” another reggae/not-reggae song with a grove totally distinct from the rest of the album (I almost said “fresh,” there, sorry).  It’s the most “traditional love song” on the album, and since it sounds nothing like a traditional love song nor musically what the title may imply rhythmically or tempo-wise, that’s saying something about Men at Work’s creativity (even if only for such a vibrant yet brief period).  In a world of isolation and complication and destruction, it’s nice to have someone you love with you along life’s journey.  I’m not sure if the “star” is the sweet boo the narrator has by him through this thing called life, but that interpretation works for me — maybe it’s something like having successfully wished for love on a falling star, he caught the star and got his wish fulfilled.  I don’t know.  But it’s a nice number and not worthy of being denigrated as an album filler.

Finally, “Down by the Sea” shows how patient the band can be.  “Underground”’s longer-than-expected introduction previewed this for us as well.  It may seem disproportionate to call Men at Work a “patient” band here, since most of the album offerings are about 3:30 long with “Down by the Sea” the only truly long number (almost seven minutes), and as a band they only released three albums in just over five years of corporate existence (with most of this crew not even on the third album), but since numerical statistics are poor support for authentic temperament, I eschew those in favor of focusing solely on this song as proof the band could sustain a musical and lyrical experience if they wanted to.  It’s somewhat hard to tell how many verses this song has (four, maybe five), considering the interludes or pre-choruses or choruses or whatever the kids are calling them are so different from each other.  Musically, the band blends exceptionally well on this final dream-like number.  Jerry Speiser’s drums are exceptionally complementary here (their sound throughout the album has a distinct ’80s quality about them, especially in the timbre and duration of the cymbal crashes).  Greg Ham’s wind instruments are almost lyrical themselves; John Rees’s bass and Ron Strykert’s guitar likewise support the entire tonal experience.  It’s quite tempting to call this my favorite song on the album, in part because it is so unlike the rest of the album, and yet these ten distinct songs all sound wholly and quintessentially Men at Work songs.  That the song is about languorously living on the beach with no cares is icing on the cake, as the kids say.  And you know how much I love the ocean.

Man at Rest

There’s nothing “usual” about this album: the songs are all distinct yet united, the sounds are noticeably familiar yet refreshingly unexpected.  The lifestyles and experiences sung of are both cautionary and introspective.  Put aside the labels; ignore the overly-familiar “greatest hits” aspects that lend to too-easily-trite pseudo-appreciation.  This is a top notch album from a time when experimentation and synthesization threatened to replace “great” with “different” for different’s sake.  Get this album and enjoy it again and again.  Perhaps it will take you back to a simpler time, clarify your thinking about life and love and government and society and individuality, or better yet encourage you to go live by the sea and cast away your worries and your cares.  What more could you want from an album?

2022 P.S. – I now do own the album on vinyl, if that makes you feel better. If it doesn’t, it’s still true.

On Virtue, Good Governance, Civics, and the Classics

Chris Christian

After much thought on this topic, namely the express deliberative and instilled idea that virtue, as a concept, or better, a truth, is real and was believed by our nation’s august framers and founders as the basis for the provision of good governance, and subsequently good civics, we must make certain specific ideas are understood, as far as the founders understood them, concerning the following: western civilization’s acceptance of virtue, the truth about human nature, and the dissemination of what is virtuous through a classics-oriented education as well as a pursuit of virtuous-minded civic participation in our Republic.

On what the founders believed about virtue and whether we have it.

The framers’ and founders’ ideas about what virtue was had been framed in the experiences already endured by their forebears, whether they had been Puritans and Separatists in New England, Anglican gentleman planters in Virginia, gentleman adventurers in Maryland, or Quaker fundamentalists in Pennsylvania. They all came forward through the unifying experience of the Great Awakening, where each background had sought Biblical truths beyond dogmatic theology involving the assurance of salvation and their unique identity as something distinct from their European counterparts currently experimenting with the Enlightenment. In Europe, the idea people were inherently good, or at least neutral perceivers and deciders of judgments on the basis of stimulus, was emerging and taking some hold, whereas in America, virtue was understood as something unique in God’s nature, and we were fashioned to pursue it … or reject it.1

Of course, one might be tempted to accuse diverse members of our framer/founder friends on the basis of what each member’s conclusions concerning the assurance of salvation was. Does this criticism merely come from a criticism we ourselves ought bear? Decidedly. The framers and founders, as very young men, had experienced, in one way or another, the central purpose and spirit of the Great Awakening as a unifying historical experience after all, an experience in which a form of liberty was sought in order to undertake a special spiritual journey of pursuing assurance of salvation through a personal experience-oriented relationship with God.2 Certain ideas about what ought be believed about God, Mankind, and a relationship between the two were also reinforced within this experience, and whether they knew it or not, our founder friends accepted them to the degree they formulated the framework of our Republic upon these same ideas.3

On what the founders understood about human nature.

The framers rejected the Enlightenment ideas about man being neutral or fundamentally “good” as in “just” and upon this basis fashioned a governance in keeping with the ideas and notions of John Locke: that governance ought have a role; that the role was clear, succinct, and specific; and that this role was limited to protecting the governed from one another and from the governance. Locke stipulated the derivation of property arose through the State of Nature, and the recognition of man’s flawed nature made the rise of the governance an “evil” necessity, born forth in the State of Man, where governance exists to protect “life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.”4 Jefferson would reiterate this last portion of the role of governance to the “pursuit of happiness.” Ultimately, the framers understood that people were flawed, that truth was true always, and that there was no relativity with absolute understandings. Rather they endure, and so there will always be right and wrong, and subsequently there will always be right and wrong actions whether they be on the part of the governed or the government.5

Further evidence of the founders’ acceptance, and to some degree the American colonists’ acceptance, of this elemental condition of human nature is born out in the popular sermons of the Great Awakening, made much of while the framers and founders were mere boys. The message of mankind’s frail imperfection and sinful nature is made manifest quite clearly in Edwards’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,”6 and the further acceptance of mankind’s need and ability to pursue virtue is seen perhaps most clearly in the popular reception of Whitefield’s “Marks of a True Conversion,”7 wherein Whitefield testifies to how man can repent and establish a relationship with God and what the signs of such a relationship ought to be.

On what the founders meant by classics.

The framers and founders understood classics as being traditional classical learning and works, which reinforced the ideas concerning a flawed man created by an infallible and perfect Creator. The classics were thought to motivate learners to pursue excellence because they reflected the best of flawed man created by a perfect Creator.8 The stories and myths of the ancients, for example, gave examples of the best of man, the beauty of pursing good, and triumph over evil. The founders included the Bible as a key part of this as well. The Bible shows the best of God and the best of obedience to God, as it were.

On how the founders understood training and education.

At first, education was focused on providing as much apologetics training for good little Puritans, Anglicans, Baptists, Catholics, Separatists, Quakers, etc., as one could, and in many parts of America, the Bible was used as the sole textbook along with a hornbook and primer.9 After the Great Awakening, a new focus emerged, where Enlightenment thinking was turned on its head, and the classics were pursued to fashion the best young Christian with an assurance of salvation as one could using the classics AND the Bible AND Logic and Rhetoric, AND  church, AND civic participation in governance.10

In Summation

It should be consequently observed therefore, that virtue was indeed a vital component behind the framers’ and founders’ vision for America. Our forebears, going back even to their first arrival on these shores, had a thorough grounding on what they accepted as true virtue, and on the truth concerning the spiritual and physical state of mankind from Adam. Knowing as they did true human nature, they established our State in such a manner that the good of the governed under our republican governance is best guaranteed through the pursuit of virtue once it has been learned of in a classical manner.

Endnotes

1 Guelzo, Allen C. “The American Mind” Lecture Series, Gettysburg College. The Great Courses: Philosophy and Intellectual History. The Teaching Company, 2005. Pt 1. Lectures 1-3.

2 Guelzo, Lecture 4.

3 Arn. Larry P. “Introduction to the Constitution Lecture Series.” Hillsdale College, 2011-14. Part 1.

4 Guelzo, Lectures 1 and 3.

5 Arn, Part 1.

6 Edwards, Jonathan. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” Selected Sermons of Jonathan Edwards. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. https://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/sermons.

7 Whitefield, George. “Marks of a True Conversion.” Selected Sermons of George Whitefield. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. https://www.ccel.org/ccel/whitefield/sermons.

8 Guelzo, Lectures 2-5.

9 Johnson, Paul. A History of the American People. London, New York: Harper Collins, 2009. p. 49-71.

10 Guelzo, Lecture 4.

Names of God

Destiny Phillips Coats

As a young believer I have been exposed to many names of God. I find myself learning new ones all the time. Very rarely, however, have I personally taken the time to study and understand the different names of God, their meaning, relevance, and know where they are in the Scriptures. In my relationship with the Lord, I am always in need of Him in different ways. God of course foresaw this need and named Himself in Scripture tons of different ways so I could see Him aiding me in all aspects of my life. I know I am not the only person who needs God to take on different roles dependent upon situations in this life. God is Comforter, Provider, Protector, Peace, Deliverer, Shepherd, Foundation, and Counselor. This paper will uncover the meaning, relevance, and references for these eight names of God applicable to all at any stage of life.

We as believers can find ourselves often calling out to God, “Lord I need you.” God in his omniscience put in Scripture His many names so we can see God fulfilling all roles we desire Him to fill in this life. Names of God also describe God’s persons as the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. One of these many names is Comforter. The name Comforter is in direct reference to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit was sent to indwell within believers after the ascension of Jesus once His mission was complete. “But the Comforter, [which is] the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you” (John 14:26). In this Scripture, Jesus is speaking to His disciples concerning the Holy Spirit, the Comforter, who will be sent from the Father to aid them in remembering Christ’s teachings. Earlier in this chapter, Jesus is expressing to the disciples He will leave to prepare a place for them in Heaven. The disciples are disheartened by this and ask Jesus how they will know the way to Heaven without Him. He responds to them with John 14:26. Jesus is explaining to them they will not be left alone and to their own sinful nature because God the Father will send them the great Comforter to guide them and indwell among them in this life. This aspect of God is encouraging in those times when we feel like we have been left to our own devices. Thanks to the Holy Spirit within each of us, we are reminded by His presence and Scriptures like these that we are not alone. We are being comforted by the almighty God within us, the Holy Spirit, our Comforter.

“Look at the birds of the air, that they do not sow, nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not worth much more than they?” (Matthew 6:26). God the Father is a Provider. Every Christian can pinpoint a time in their life when they worried because they thought they would lack in something. Whether it be money, food, clothes, or knowledge there will be tons of times in our lives when we will think, “I do not have the tools to do this.” Coming to the realization sometimes we cannot always provide everything we need leaves us feeling anxious and worried about what will happen because of our lack. Thanks to the Scriptures, we can read Matthew 6:26 and many other passages and be reminded the same God who created everything with a purpose and feeds the birds every day, will also take care and provide for us. A bird is not a joint heir with Christ, yet the Father provides for it. This is an encouraging reminder no matter how big or small our needs are, the Father will always be our Provider.

When a person accepts Christ into their heart and becomes a Christian, she becomes in that moment a child of God and a coheir with Christ.

But when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, so that we might receive adoption as sons. And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!” So you are no longer a slave, but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God.

Galatians 4:4-7

In an ideal family construct one of the father’s duties is to protect his children. This obligation on our natural father is adopted from our heavenly Father. Another role God the Father takes on is that of a Protector. In Ephesians 6:10-20 one can find listed the whole armor of God. This armor’s purpose, laid out in the chapter, is 1) to “be able to stand against the schemes of the devil” (Ephesians 6:11b) and 2) to “be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand firm” (Ephesians 6:13b). God knows being a Christian in this world is not easy. He knows what it takes to defeat the enemy. He foresaw the difficulties we would face and the battles we would fight. God did not leave us to our own defenses; instead, as a Father who loves His children, He equipped us with tools to protect ourselves. God gave us a belt, breastplate, shoes, shield, helmet, and sword. He is our Father, our Protector.

In Judges 6:17 we find Gideon asking the Lord for a sign He indeed is speaking with God. Once it is confirmed to him he is speaking with the Lord, Gideon proclaims God to be “Jehovah Shalom,” which translates to “God is Peace.”

Then Gideon perceived that he was the angel of the Lord. And Gideon said, “Alas, O Lord God! For now I have seen the angel of the Lord face to face.” But the Lord said to him, “Peace be to you. Do not fear; you shall not die.” Then Gideon built an altar there to the Lord and called it, The Lord Is Peace. To this day it still stands at Ophrah, which belongs to the Abiezrites.

Judges 6:22-24

In the verses prior to those quoted above, Gideon is full of fear. The Lord in fact appears to Gideon while he is hiding from the Midianites. The Lord approaches Gideon calling him a “man of valor” (Judges 6:12). The Israelites during this time were being oppressed by the Midianites. A lot of God’s people were living in fear. When people are afraid, they often worry and are anxious. When we worry, it is hard to find rest. After the Lord appeared to Gideon, he built an altar and named it “Jehovah Shalom.” He proclaimed the Peace of God over an altar because he experienced peace in God’s presence during a time of trouble. God speaks all throughout Scripture of the peace we can find in Him. This is an example of God the Father being our Peace, but what about the Son? “Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am gentle and lowly in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light” (Matthew 11:28-30). Here Jesus is calling those who are worried, burdened, and anxious telling them they can find rest or peace in Him. God’s role as our Peace is found in both the Son and the Father.

Throughout the entirety of the Old Testament, readers see how God repeatedly delivered the Israelites from the hands of their oppressors. God delivered the Israelites out of Egypt. God gave the Israelites Judges to lead them in battle and delivered them from the hands of many other people groups. God sent His son, Jesus, to deliver all of mankind out of bondage from sin. In Psalm 18, David is proclaiming the glory of God by expressing Him as his deliverer. “I love you, O Lord, my strength. The Lord is my rock and my fortress and my deliverer, my God, my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield, and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold. I call upon the Lord, who is worthy to be praised, and I am saved from my enemies” (Psalm 18:1-3). The Israelites saw God as their deliverer time and time again, yet they fell away from Him. They grumbled and complained when they felt He had forsaken them when in reality, they had forsaken Him. Despite their unfaithfulness, God in His mercy delivered them out of the hands of their enemies. God is the same God yesterday, today, and forever. He is and forever will be our Deliverer.

“Shepherd,” as defined by Dictionary.com, is “a person who herds, tends, and guards sheep; a person who protects, guides, or watches over a person or group of people.” Scripture proclaims God the Father and Son to be shepherds to believers. Psalm 95:7 proclaims God the Father to be our Shepherd who guides us. “For he is our God and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand.” The study of God as a shepherd is not uncommon amongst believers. I personally have attended many Sunday school lessons learning about what a shepherd is and how God is the Great Shepherd. The love of God for all is expressed in the parable of the Lost Sheep taught by Jesus.

See that you do not despise one of these little ones. For I tell you that in heaven their angels always see the face of my Father who is in heaven. … What do you think? If a man has a hundred sheep, and one of them has gone astray, does he not leave the ninety-nine on the mountains and go in search of the one that went astray? And if he finds it, truly, I say to you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine that never went astray. So it is not the will of my Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.

Matthew 18:10, 12-14

This parable tells us God cares for all His sheep/believers. There are millions of Christians all around the world. God’s love for all is equal. He notices when one of us is left behind or falls astray. God does not only think of the majority when guiding us through life. God considers each and every one of His children at all times. God sees us get lost. God sees us fall back. God notices us each individually and He is searching for us, calling us back to Him. He loves us enough to go out of His way to bring us back to Him and under His protection. He is our Shepherd.

“Jesus, you’re my firm foundation. I know I can secure. Jesus, you’re my firm foundation. I put my hope in your Holy Word.” Many of us recognize these lyrics to “Firm Foundation” written by Don Moen. This song is rejoicing in Jesus’ role as our Foundation. Jesus tells a parable about a man who builds his home on sand and another who builds on a rock.

Everyone then who hears these words of mine and does them will be like a wise man who built his house on the rock. And the rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat on that house, but it did not fall, because it had been founded on the rock. And everyone who hears these words of mine and does not do them will be like a foolish man who built his house on the sand. And the rain fell, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat against that house, and it fell, and great was the fall of it.

Matthew 7:24-27

Jesus is telling us here those who build their lives upon His teachings will be wise, but those who do not are foolish. Jesus’ words are recorded in Scripture. Scripture is special revelation given to man from God. These teachings are to be the foundation of which we are to build our lives. Jesus is the center of our faith. Satan throws arrows at us. Trials and tribulation will come upon each and every one of us. No matter what comes our way, if our lives are built upon the teachings found in Scripture, we will not fall or be shaken. Jesus is our firm Foundation.

“For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government shall be upon his shoulder, and his name shall be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace” (Isaiah 9:6). Here, Isaiah is prophesying about Christ. Isaiah calls Jesus a Wonderful Counselor, the last name of God to be discussed in this paper. During this period, the Israelites were being taken into captivity by the Assyrians. Isaiah was speaking of the character of the coming Messiah who would free God’s people from the chains of sin. The word “wonderful” here is to describe Jesus as awe encompassing. The meaning of the word has definitely been watered down since this time but the conclusion can still be drawn the Christ is indeed wonderful. The Messiah was going to be the everlasting King of Israel. A king is to be a counselor. In this time the king was the highest form of leadership. A “counselor,” defined by Dictionary.com, is “an advisor.” A counselor’s job is to give advice or impart wisdom among those who need it. Isaiah is proclaiming Christ to be an awe encompassing king who will provide great wisdom. Scripture is our guide to life on Earth. Within Scripture is wise counsel from the Lord through His role as the Father and Son. Scripture is our form of God’s “wonderful” counsel we are to reference for every situation life presents us with. If we seek God’s counsel in this life, we will be amazed at the richness of God’s wisdom that will be displayed in our lives. Jesus is our Wonderful Counselor.

Just like there is Scripture we can go to for every situation in life, there are also names of God that show us the ways He can fulfill all our needs. God the Father loved us so much He desires for all of us to be with Him at all times. If one believer goes astray, He will do all that is necessary to bring us back to Him. By shepherding us, God protects us from harm, delivers us from the pain of sin, and provides all of our needs. God gave us Scripture with His teachings upon which we are to build our lives. If we are founded in His teachings, we will uncover the wise counsel of the Lord that will give us peace when Satan tries to combat us with life’s trials. But no matter what we face, God sent the Holy Spirit to be with us, to comfort us every day until we join Him in all of His glory.