Category Archives: Reviews

On Edgar Allan Poe

Emma Kenney

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most well-known writers of the American Romanticism genre of all time. His poems and short stories incorporate many common Romanticism themes and concepts, such as the elevation of emotion over reasoning and nature over civilization. He used descriptive language and fantastical undertones to draw his readers in and earn him the title of one of America’s most famous poets.

Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts to two professional actors on January 19, 1809. By the time he turned three, his birth parents had passed away and he was taken in by the Allans in Richmond, Virginia. He began writing at a young age but was shamed for it by his foster father, who wanted him to take over the family business. This helped create the rocky relationship between Poe and his foster father, one that would only worsen over the years. Poe received education at one of the best boarding schools in the country and later was accepted into the University of Virginia. Here he met a girl named Sarah Royster, and soon the two were engaged. However, the young man had to drop out of the college a year into his education after his gambling got him into financial trouble. This was the final straw, and Poe and his foster parents had a large falling out that ended with the Allans refusing to help Poe pay off his debt or let him come back home to stay with them until he could pay it off himself. Soon after, Poe discovered Sarah had been cheating on him, and he called off his engagement with her, depressed and broken-hearted.

The man joined the army after this, and it was this year (1827) that his first volume of poetry was published. He published a few more volumes of poetry within the next two years, though they weren’t exactly successful. After his failed first attempt at poetry, Edgar Allan Poe began attending the United States Military Academy at West Point. Though he was an excellent student, Poe once again had to drop out of school because he was financially unable to support himself, and he couldn’t seem to handle the strict military duties that came with the Academy. He once again fought with his foster father, who had remarried after his foster mother passed away. Once again, Poe was told he was not allowed to come home and he would not be receiving any help financially. After this he moved in with his aunt and younger cousin in Maryland, having nowhere else to go.

Then Poe began writing and publishing short stories. He also began writings and editing for various magazines including the Broadway Journal in New York City. He spent the next ten years of his life doing this, during which he married his cousin, who was about 14 at the time. During these ten years Poe published some of his most famous works, including “The Fall of the House of Usher” and “The Raven.” He struggled to get by for a while, but after one of his short stories won a writing competition, Poe became a sensation almost over night. Poe’s foster father passed away during this time, creating even more resentment on the part of Poe when he left him out of the will entirely but included an illegitimate child in it instead.

Poe was a vicious critic; his reviews of books and other writings would eventually create so much drama he would be asked to leave the magazine or change his review style. Poe chose to leave. Some sources say his struggle with alcoholism played into the magazine’s decision to ask him to leave, but so far it hasn’t been proven for sure either way.

A few years after this his wife grew ill and passed away. Poe struggled greatly dealing with this; he became extremely depressed, and his alcoholism reached a new peak. He once again began to struggle financially, as he focused mainly on fueling his desire for alcohol. Eventually his extreme alcohol intake caused him to experience extremely poor health, and it eventually caused him to die of “congestion of the brain” on October 7, 1849.

After his death, one of his literary rivals was granted the task of writing his obituary. This rival purposefully strove to make Poe seem as horrible as possible, calling him not only an alcoholic but also an abuser of women and a deranged psychopath as well. This succeeded in damaging Edgar Allan Poe’s reputation for quite some time after his death. This same man wrote the first ever biography of Edgar Allan Poe, ruining his reputation after death even more. Eventually, however, the general public began reading the works of Poe again, and he finally achieved the renown commonly associated with him today.

Poe is a spectacular example of American Romanticism, which, as previously stated, is defined by characteristics such as the elevation of emotion of reason and the elevation of nature over civilization. It also commonly uses writing techniques such as using what could be considered almost excessive descriptive language.

One of the prime examples of this is his “The Tell-Tale Heart.” This story is about a man who gets a new neighbor. After a short period of time, the man begins to become paranoid, hating one of his neighbor’s eyeballs. He even goes so far as to name it “The Evil Eyeball.” This eye begins to drive the narrator madder and madder. Finally he comes to the conclusion he needs to kill his neighbor after both the eye and the beating of his neighbor’s heart continue to haunt his every hour. The narrator smothers him to death and takes out his heart. He then decides to chop the neighbor up and hide him under the floorboards. However, he still heard the beating of the heart. It drives him madder and madder yet again, until finally he can no longer take it and confesses the crime he committed.

This is a prime example of American Romanticism because right off the bat it elevates emotion over reason. The narrator’s obsession with the eye and heart are by no means reasonable. The beating of the heart after death is certainly emotionally based, as it is illogical to believe it could truly happen in real life. The entire story is about emotion itself; it shows how the emotion of guilt can eat away at a person even if he gets away with something, until finally the guilty person can no longer take it. It shows emotion is a driving force behind human actions. The narrator murders a man simply because he finds his eye annoying, symbolizing that humans will do terrible things and justify them as being okay because it got rid of a situation that was bringing them discomfort.

Overall, Poe is a wonderful example of American Romanticism, and he will most likely be a beloved American poet and short story author for many years to come.

Forgotten Gems: Welcome to the Real World

Christopher Rush

An Album of Absolutes

In the midst of the glory days of the ’80s (the 1980s, not to be confused with the glory days of the 1380s, for example), Mr. Mister released their second album to much acclaim and well-deserved fanfare.  Not too many albums, for example, have two Billboard #1s in succession, but Welcome to the Real World achieved just that with “Kyrie” and “Broken Wings.”  Yes, it’s that album.  But as with virtually all of our “Forgotten Gem” albums, it behooves us to remember this album is far more than two or three pop hits and some other stuff.  Oh no.  This is a top notch album — not just “solid,” but top notch, especially when one sees the whole picture this album offers.  Of the first five songs, four could very well be valid opening songs for the album.  They are that peppy and grand in scope.  More importantly, this album conveys to us the importance of living by absolutes: right and wrong exist, there is a proper way to live life, and reality is objective.  What more could one want from an ’80s pop rock album?

Black/White

From the opening track, Mr. Mister tells us the world is a paradox of opposites: we are both weak and strong, we draw ourselves to each other and we push each other away.  We have passionate difficulty treating each other consistently.  This is the relativistic kerfuffle we create for ourselves.  Into this confusion comes the reminder life is not truly a relativistic spectrum: absolutes exist.  Change can occur, surely — growth is possible, and so are mistakes.  At the beginning of the album we aren’t sure what those absolutes are, but the tangible dichotomies of day and night and black and white propel us toward the path of delighting in absolutes.  And love is the path: because of love, we know there is right.  Love, as strange as it is experientially, is right.  Love changes us, and we change because of love.

Uniform of Youth

A second solid candidate for opening number, “Uniform of Youth” is definitely grumpier lyrically than “Black/White,” which is likely why it was not chosen as the first thing audiences heard on the LP.  It would make for a good starting track, though, because it presents that youthful petulance of discontent one experiences when not living freely under the absolutes of God’s reality.  Such discontentment with the way things are materially and superficially seem to lend themselves to flight (“I don’t know if I’ll stick around / I don’t know, I just might leave town”).

Considering the song in its present location as the second on the album, we can consider some time passing from the opening song.  The juvenile transient love has brought discontent and irritation, and yet it has also brought a growing understanding of the failings of life (“Nothing’s perfect anyway / No one said that the world was fair”).  Even though absolutes reign, we flawed and selfish beings can make a mess of things.  The hero of this saga takes some small comfort (in a rather rousing musical chorus) in his youth while adjusting to what life is supposedly requiring of him (“I’ll just do what I’ve got to do” … “I wear the uniform of youth and I hold on”).  He is starting to be more aware of the need for meaningful growth and change in his life, which must be initiated by genuine love (“All I want is someone to care”), not the ephemeral, self-serving (though naively quaint) love of “Black/White.”

Don’t Slow Down

Another peppy track that would work well musically for the opening number, though that would mess with our narrative progress through the album, “Don’t Slow Down” picks up the emotional momentum once again.  No longer content with fitting in and passively letting love and society determine what happens to him, our hero has come to terms with previous failures and is finally prepared to commit to the love in front of him (“I look into your eyes, I see the dream that I’ve been searching for / I’ll search no more”).  Unfortunately, despite his enthusiasm for commitment, his enthusiasm is overweening, as evidenced by the chorus: “So don’t slow down, the wheels are turnin’ / The fire’s burnin’ in us now / Don’t slow down, don’t lose the magic / We’ve come too far to turn back now.”  Assuming for the moment this is not a plea for premarital physical dalliances (which would be unlikely anyway, considering the album and people writing the songs), we can interpret this as an ardent plea for nothing more than a continuation of the present experiences of life and love.  Whatever happy feelings and camaraderie they are experiencing, he simply wants it to continue with the same verve in which it is currently occurring.  The immaturity persists, despite the progress: he is too content with the little maturity he has made to give himself fully to absolute love.

Run to Her

Despite his attempts to keep the momentum going, their relationship has slowed down after all, along with the speed of the album.  “Run to Her” is the only slow song on the album, but it is not the typical fluff of ’80s ballads (1380s ballads, let’s not get confused).  In a sense, this is a mirrored, almost dream-like version of the previous song.  Lyrically it is similar: he is still looking into her eyes, reflecting on how much he enjoys being in relationship with her.  Yet there is a significant difference here: he has come to realize time is not something you can outrun.  Time’s wingèd chariot never loses its race.  “Time, it passes much too fast / And time, I want to make it last” — clearly his priorities are starting to mature, though they are still hampered by too much connection to this world.  His love for her is no longer just about sustaining the enjoyment of the relationship regardless of circumstances or consequences — now, the importance of it has developed into the beginnings of mutual respect and worth (“The sun was shining brightly / As we talked into the night”) — finally a genuine relationship is building.  He is starting to understand the absolutes of life lived correctly … but he still has some work to do.

Into My Own Hands

Continuing our hypothesis of potential opening tracks, “Into My Own Hands” makes an excellent candidate following our interpretive framework: were this the opening number, we would be introduced to a young fellow full of salt and vinegar (I think that’s how the expression goes, at least in Canada), confronted with everything this album is about: the nature of the world (whether ’tis absolute or relativistic), one’s place in the world, the brevity of life, how to grow into maturity, and the rôle(s) of love and fellowship in life.  Protracting the hypothesis, we would be faced with a rather impressive philosophical album (which we are regardless of this track’s proper position): the desperation of the singing narrator reminds us how crucial the proper answers to these issues are.

But we must examine the song where it is, and as such the interpretation is just as engaging.  After the maturity of grasping the brevity of life and the importance of actually living it, our hero shows a painful resurgence of his impetuousness: he’s going to both “[t]ake this life into [his] own hands” and “[t]ake this world into [his] own hands.”  He has indeed learned some lessons and lost some lessons.  “How wrong could I be?” he asks.  Well, pretty wrong it turns out, if one takes the obvious interpretation to hand: he thinks he’s got to be ruler of his domain, king of his castle, master of his fate.  But perhaps it’s not so self-serving.  Perhaps he is simply looking around at life, seeing some things that need improving, and realizes he is a big boy, he can help make his world a better place.  He’ll “take [his] stand” for justice and truth and righting all wrongs.  That sounds good, doesn’t it?

Is it Love

And just like that, once the record is flipped over to side two, our hero is met with the consequences of trying to live life his way, regardless of his intentions.  Now, the song appears to lead us toward believing our hero is asking this question of his lady and/or the world around him he is trying to save/improve/ameliorate/whatever.  The fault is with you people out there, our hero is implying, ignoring the fact his self-serving attempt at making people better and “loving” her is instigating fear in her, not reciprocated love.  We know better, of course.  He is asking this question of others, that’s true, but he is asking because the voices in his head, the dreams he’s been having these last few songs, have been asking him this very question: do you really want genuine love? is that what you are after? is that a value you want your heart to pursue, to embody?  There’s only one source for Real Love.

Perhaps you are skeptical of such an interpretation, and I admit it is rather generous on my part, but I think this total view of this song, in relation to the flow of the whole album to date (especially when paying keen attention to those lyrics, the key phrases about absolutes and the real world most especially — and real love is truly an absolute), this interpretation fits rather well.  Because then comes the next song.

Kyrie

Ahhh … yes.  This is the track we’ve been waiting for.  Don’t get me wrong (as often happens) — I’ve already said this is a top notch album in toto (not that Richard Page was ever in Toto beyond contributing background vocals).  But this is unquestionably the greatest song on the album.  We haven’t made much mention of the musical aspects of this album, replete as it is with synthesized drums, Bowser palace-like riffs, orchestra hits, and a panoply of ’80s (1980s) technological gems.  But I defy you to find anywhere, anywhere I say, a more energizing, heart-pounding, soul-uplifting moment in music history than the truly awesome moment in the post-bridge modulation mostly acapella chorus when the guitars and drums kick back in.  As great as Beethoven, U2, and the rest of the gang are in breadth and scope, this moment has got to be the best of all time.  And now back to our story.

Our hero has finally experienced (and understood) his moment of transcendental connection with the Divine — not in a pantheistic sort of sense, though wind is the force reaching into his soul.  Finally the One True God has gotten ahold of our hero, and he realizes how much he needs God, God’s love, and God’s way of living life.  By trying to take the world into his own hands, by asking other people if they want love, these were just variations on blending in with his uniform of youth — just his entire life of running away from the black and white nature of the real world of absolutes, of the divine: he has been hiding his whole life, hiding away from what he has suspected all along, and now God “reaches in to where [he] cannot hide” any more.  But it is not just about baring his fears and failures, oh no.  God “sets [his] feet upon the road,” allowing him to finally live life correctly.  Now that he has matured through his experiences, he can honestly reflect on his life:

When I was young I thought of growing old, of what my life would mean to me

Would I have followed down my chosen road, or only wished what I could be

We have seen his thoughts and hopes for his life in the first six songs of the album, and we know (and now so does he) what he would have made of it all, since it is the same for all of us.

Regardless of whether I have interpreted the verses correctly (and I, as always, am likely off at least a smidge here and there), there is no denying the chorus, especially in the way the song is sung (and the fact the music video frequently features band members, mostly frontman Richard Page, pointing up toward Heaven at appropriate moments in the song):

Kyrie eleison down the road that I must travel

Kyrie eleison through the darkness of the night

Kyrie eleison where I’m going will you follow

Kyrie eleison on a highway in the light

Note well: that third line is not a question.  He is not asking if God will accompany him along his journey of faith.  It’s simply a syntactical inversion to allow the vocalization of the lyric more efficient (and keeping in more with the medieval feel, say circa 1380s, instigated by the Latin).  Our hero has arrived at the point of calling upon God for mercy.  He knows this life is the life he has been called to live, and whether things go easily (“highway in the light”) or not so easily (“darkness of the night”), he knows God will follow (accompany, enable, abide, strengthen) him to live this life to which he has been called.

And now that he has finally reconciled with God and been redeemed (and thus enabled to love correctly and live correctly), it is time to reconcile with his lady love and the world he was trying to reshape into his world.

Broken Wings

Admittedly a few words in verse one make what would otherwise be an impeccable progression through the story of this album a bit tricky, but I think a little bit of exegetical prestidigitation will do wonders for our purposes.  Taking the position our hero has reconciled with God and been born again, he initially is somewhat discombobulated why he can’t just magically repair the damage his earlier self-centeredness did to their relationship now that he has found God.  What he does know correctly, at least, is their relationship will completely end if he can’t make it clear to her how crucial it is for her to experience the same transcendent justification sung about in the previous song.  The “I need you so” bits are not just frothy romance (okay, lust) lines typical of the, yes, 1980s: more than that, he feels she is “The One” for him (we’ll put discussions about the Biblicality of such a concept on the back burner for now), but more importantly he desires her to come to the same saving relationship with the Merciful God to whom he has sung so recently.

The question remains, then, whose broken wings are being sung of so hauntingly in this number.  Option A: they are our hero’s former broken wings, no longer needed since he has been reborn and is traveling through life with the Lord of Mercy down the highway in the Light.  Thus the broken wings are a symbol of his hiding (the uniform of youth, his desire to take the world/his life/their love into his own hands), his failures to live life according to the absolute standards of Real Love and Mercy designed and instituted by God (the “take what was wrong / And make it right” aspect of verse two would then be metonymous for taking the broken wings and learning to fly again).  Now that he is giving them over to her, he is both demonstrating his personal restoration with God and His world and asking for her forgiveness of the wrong he has done her, and thus showing her how she, too, can find restoration (her broken wings will be replaced and she will be reborn) and new life.

Option B: they are her wings.  Much of the above interpretation would still hold.  The second verse’s lines “We can take what was wrong / And make it right” may sound like all their renewal and rebirth will be instigated by their human efforts (possibly through physical dalliances, as many would erroneously interpret this song), but it’s important to remember the accompanying musical video features our hero in a church with the light of God shining upon him when it gets to the climactic chorus lines “And when we hear the voices sing / The Book of Love will open up / And let us in.”  That’s the only way her broken wings can be repaired/replaced and she can be reborn.  Our hero knows it’s not about human efforts.  The voices that have prompted him to call out Kyrie eleison are now urging them both to put their faith and find their renewal in the Book of Love, and clearly from the entire context that is the Bible.  Living by the Word of God is how we “learn to fly again” and “learn to live so free.”  Where else is freedom but where the Spirit of the Lord is? (cf. 2 Corinthians 3:17).

Now that we understand the Biblical subtext of the song, we can easily see the end of verse two (“Baby it’s all I know / That you’re half of the flesh / And blood that makes me whole / I need you so”) is not just some far-fetched (19)80s power ballad palaver.  Nor is it heretical “Jesus’ blood is not enough to save me” nonsense.  It’s not “your” half of the flesh, but “you’re” half.  It may be a small grammatical point, but it’s worth noting.  It’s about her personhood, not her maidenhead.  What else is he referring to but the created order of things in God’s real world?  When Adam was made, was he complete?  Not according to the Word of God.  Adam was not complete until a part of his flesh was removed, reformed into something like him but different, and then returned to him.  And what was this but marriage itself?  And what is marriage but a symbol of our relationship with God?  You bet your boots he “needs [her] so,” just, contextually, as he needs the Lord of Mercy.  As do we all.

And now that he has reconciled with her (I think it’s safe to assume this conversation has a eucatastrophic ending with her personal redemption in Christ), our hero can focus (with her assistance, no doubt) on reconciling with the world he tried to take into his own hands.

Tangent Tears

A few moments ago, we (okay, I) made a mild disclaimer of a caveatish nature concerning potentially mildly loose interpretation of the lyrics.  Well here we are again.  Most likely this song is about a guy sad because his gal has broken up with him against his will and he’s really sad and crying a lot, possibly so hard his tears are barely touching his cheeks (and thus “tangent” to his face).  In all likelihood, the premise for this lyric was a catchy alliteration Richard Page and/or John Lang found neat-o, and they built a song around it.  But let’s return to our High Narrative view of the album and try something out together.

What if our hero, having reconciled with God and his sweet boo, returns his gaze to the world and finally sees it for what it is, not what he wants it to be … and what he sees is the world in its true, fallen condition.  The world is a mess and seeing it for what it is brings him to tears.  Let’s not stretch the point too finely, saying the line “Who’s playin’ on your team, he has a certain flair” is about Satan or anything like that.  But if we stretch it just a skosh, the second verse (“you made my heart go blind / You act so cold but you still look so fine”) could be about how tempting the world looks even when one understands it for what it is. Something like that.  He can’t reconcile the world by himself, of course, but that’s not his job.  Now that he sees the world for what it is, the only thing he can do is to help other people see what the world is really like.

Welcome to the Real World

With a proper understanding of God, nature, himself, love, truth, right, and wrong, our hero has finally arrived where he needs to be, where we all need to be, and now his mission is clear: tell us what reality is really like.  His tears are of pain because of the sin in the world, surely, and his tears of joy most likely come from his newfound life and faith and his sweet boo’s new life.  Possibly, some time has passed as well, and he and his wife are welcoming a new child into the world and they are starting off well by teaching their child what reality is really like.  I will accept either perspective.  A happy ending all around.

Our hero has learned the Real World is one of absolutes: right and wrong exist as clearly as black and white (and just as starkly different).  You don’t really have the authority to live life however you feel like.  There is a right way (and sundry wrong ways) to live the human life.  The Lord of Mercy is in charge, and it’s best to let Him put your feet on the path you should take in life, not try to reshape the world into your own image or desires (and definitely don’t try to reshape your love interest into your image of ideal love).  The world has many wondrous things to experience (using “the world” in just the diverse totality of human experience and God’s created order, not in the “this world has nothing for me” super-spiritual sense).  “There’s so much to learn,” indeed.

The sooner we learn the lessons of Welcome to the Real World (the album), the better off we will be.  The “chains that were choking [us]” of our sinful natures will soon be but a memory.  We will know real love.  We will know how to treat other people.  We will know what our life’s purpose is — directing everyone we meet to the Lord of Mercy.  And here you just thought this was just another pop rock album of the ’80s.  Good thing we’re here for you.

See you next issue, friends!

Kyrie Eleison!

“The Black Cat” Analysis

Sarah Mertz Silva

At the beginning of the story “The Black Cat” by Edgar Allan Poe, the narrator states how he is not mad. He continues to explain how appalled he is by his own actions saying “these events have terrified — have tortured — have destroyed me.” He then contradicts himself, however, in saying “I detail with awe, nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects.” He is very aware of his grossly violent actions, but he is ignorant to his own insanity. He describes what he acknowledges as terrible acts to be normal events of normal life, a sure sign of his own madness he is unable to see.

The narrator begins by describing his love for animals, pets in particular. He seems to live a normal, unsuspecting life. His wife is also an animal lover, and together they “had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.”

The narrator describes the black cat as “sagacious” and discusses how his wife jokingly spoke of the superstitions of black cats being “witches in disguise.” He says she was never serious about the superstition. This cat, Pluto, seems to be the center of his affection. For some time, this cat is most notably his closest companion, following him around throughout the day. It is a “disease” that appears to alter this companionship. He begins to abuse all of his pets and even his wife. For a time, however, he refrains from abusing his beloved black cat, Pluto, until in its old age it becomes “somewhat peevish.”

One night, the cat seems to avoid his owner, and intoxicated, the narrator grasps the cat by the throat. Consequently, the cat bites him. The narrator is infuriated, takes out a pen-knife, and violently cuts an eye out of the cat.

The narrator, though having claimed not to be mad, has clearly proven his madness at this point in the story. Perhaps he is unaware of his madness because he does not feel he is the one committing the violent acts: “I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed at once, to take its flight from my body and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fiber of my frame.” It is interesting however, that even in oblivion to his own insanity, he is obviously remorseful of his actions. He says, “I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity.” In the next paragraph, he describes the following morning when “reason returned.” His remorse is evident when he says “I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty,” and he proceeds in drinking away the memory of his previous actions. It is interesting to note, though, he is not fully remorseful, only half remorseful.

He blames his following actions on the soul’s natural tendency to “vex itself.” It appears the narrator is attempting to find any other justification of his actions besides being mad. He states perverseness is “one of the primitive impulses of the human heart,” meaning by his logic his feelings were natural, a connection to his first few words at the beginning of the story.

He then hangs the innocent black cat by a noose on the limb of a tree, claiming it was because he knew it loved him and because it had given him no reason to act out violently against it. He says, “I knew that in doing so I was committing a sin — a deadly sin….”

That night, the narrator’s house is caught aflame. It is difficult for everyone to escape, and the narrator suspects the fire must be linked to the atrocious deed of killing his cat. He proceeds to explain why he feels there is a connection, saying among the rubble of his house, a lone wall still stood, seemingly unaffected by the fire, and upon it was, “as if graven in bas relief,” the image of a black cat with a noose about its neck. His suspicion was the cat had been thrown into the home and compressed into the fresh plaster between the falling walls.

Again, the narrator’s feelings of remorse return, or so it seemed. “For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, there came back into my spirit a half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse.” Once again he describes this feeling as being only half remorse, however this time he describes it as seeming to be remorse, and in fact not remorse at all. His insanity seems to be overcoming him rapidly. The narrator then seeks to acquire a new pet, a cat, of similar appearance to replace his old cat Pluto.

The narrator is gazing upon a cat as it sits atop his furniture. In approaching it he notes its close resemblance to Pluto, with the exception of one trait. This new cat had a large splotch of white fur on its breast. The narrator touches the cat and the cat purrs and rubs against him. This cat became the narrator’s new companion, and his wife was happy with the cat as well. Again, over time the cat’s fondness of his owner becomes a nuisance. It is seen the narrator is still unaware of the cause of his feelings saying, “I know not how or why it was — its evident fondness of myself rather disgusted and annoyed.” He refrains from abusing the cat upon remembrance of his abuse toward Pluto. After weeks his hatred turns into complete loathing and disdain as he avoids the cat. His hatred for the cat increased in discovering the cat had been missing its eye similarly to Pluto.

According to the narrator, the cat grew even fonder of him. It is likely, however that due to his pure hatred for the cat, its normal actions would have become increasingly bothersome to him, as every minute thing made him angry. The cat was probably not acting any different than when the narrator first got him, but his hatred caused him to feel so.

It is the constant reminder of the white splotch on the cat’s breast that drives him mad. “Evil thoughts became my sole intimates — the darkest and most evil of thoughts,” he writes, and in the following paragraph he attempts to kill the cat with an axe. Upon his attempts, he is stopped by his wife, by whom he is infuriated and then he “buried the axe in her brain.”

For the first time, the narrator does not even speak of remorse. He felt more remorse for a cat than he did his own wife. Upon deliberation of where to hide the body, he does not once feel any “half-sentiments” as before. At this point, it is clear he has been consumed by his madness. He then decides to hide his wife within a wall. He undoes the brick, places her in, and places the brick back in as if nothing had changed. Any signs of remorse have completely disappeared as he says, “I looked around triumphantly, and said to myself — ‘Here at least, then, my labor has not been in vain.’” The cat has disappeared for a while and the narrator is more than happy. “The guilt of my dark deed disturbed me but little.”

Days later, the police arrive at his home to investigate. Out of triumph, the narrator makes comments about the sturdiness of the walls, taps it with his cane, and out of the wall comes a loud cry. The police began to break open the wall from which the wife’s body fell, and atop the head of the body was the cat.

Guilt seems to be a common theme throughout the short story. After the narrator kills Pluto, his house catches on fire, and the image of the black cat appears in the walls of the rubble, an embodiment of his guilt. The new cat that appears is almost completely similar to his old cat Pluto, and in an even stranger coincidence, the new cat is missing an eye — a reminder of the narrator’s previous actions. The black cat seems to never disappear, as in the end when he returns to the narrator’s disapproval. The black cat could also be a symbol of guilt. Guilt constantly returns to the narrator, even though he does not feel it.

Obscurity of love vs. hatred is also a theme in “The Black Cat.” Love and hate consistently appear throughout the story but continue to be misconstrued in the narrator’s mind. A great contrast exists between his feelings toward Pluto and his new cat. The narrator’s love for Pluto is what drove him to committing the gory atrocities against his cat. With his new cat, it is his pure hatred that keeps him from abusing it. The narrator’s feelings of love and hatred contradict his actions.

Reflections on “Ode to the West Wind”

Sydney Harris

This ode, written by Percy Shelley, is one that tells a story of wishful thinking. The speaker uses the many functions of the wind to convey the power it has. He speaks to the fact wind drives away the autumn leaves, places seeds in the earth, brings thunderstorms and the cyclical “death” of the natural world, and stirs up the seas and oceans. He explains these functions in a way trying to connect with the wind. He pleas to the wind for it to act in the way it does, but on him. He wishes, with the help of the powerful force of nature, to have his ideas and works spread out and dispersed throughout the world. He wants the wind to be as harsh and real in his life as it is in the winter months. He knows the West Wind of autumn is wild and rough but is always followed by spring, a time of beauty and growth. He wants the wind to blow away all of the negative things in his life and create a new spirit in him, like it does for the leaves of the winter or the waves of the ocean. He wishes to be moved into a new version of himself, to fulfill his full potential.

In the beginning of the first canto he addresses the wind, describing it like a breath of Autumn. He talks about it as a magician banishing evil, the way it blows away dead leaves. He then says it carries seeds to their places around the earth and leaves them they’re until Spring comes for them. The wind burying seeds in the ground is like a charioteer taking corpses to their grave. He thinks of the spring wind as blue and as the cause of all revival of nature. He says it blows like a clarion and all the seeds bloom, filling every “plain and hill” with “living hues and odours.” The last few lines depict the speaker describing it as a “Wild Spirit” that’s omnipresent. It’s the “Destroyer and Preserver,” as winter brings death but gives way to revival of spring. He ends saying “hear, oh, hear!”, wanting the wind to hear his unknown request.

The second canto is a continuation of his description of the West Wind. The clouds, in his words, are scattered through the sky like dead leaves in a stream.  The leaves fall from the trees like the clouds fall from the sky, all working together to balance our weather. This is all to indicate a storm that is coming. He uses the simile of clouds being like angels of rain and lightning. He then goes into a detailed description of what the West Wind is like during a storm. The thunderclouds, “locks of the approaching storm,” disperse through the West Wind or the “blue surface.” He says the thunderclouds to the West Wind are like the Mænad’s locks of hair are to the air. A Mænad was one of the fierce women who spent time with the Greek god Dionysus. Their hair was wild and crazy and that’s the point he used to connect the two. He then uses a melancholy metaphor to describe the power the West Wind has. He says it’s like a funereal song played as the past year comes to an end. As the storm comes, the thunder, lightning and rain will be like the tomb being rolled over the grave. He ends, again, asking the wind to hear him but we don’t exactly know what for.

In the third canto, he details the weird and strange things the West Wind does. The Mediterranean is awoken, making the wind and storm begin to come. This happens because the sea had been calm and still during the summer, while on vacation like the Romans. During the summer, the Mediterranean dreams and sees the “old palaces and towers” along Baiæ’s bay, overgrown and unkempt. The Atlantic then breaks itself into “chasms” for the West Wind. He uses all these words to say the wind disrupts the water, creating waves but is at the service and will of the West Wind and all its power. The speaker talks about how all the see plants hear the West Wind and become disheveled and go all over the place in fear and hurt themselves. The canto ends the same way the others have, with the speaker asking for the wind to hear him.

The fourth canto begins to reveal the request the speaker has for the West Wind, beginning with him wishing he was a “dead leaf” or a “swift cloud” the West Wind could carry or he wishes he was a wave that could be rocked by the West Wind’s “power” and “strength.” He has hopes of becoming free and as “uncontrollable” as the West Wind. The speaker will even settle with just having the same type of relationship he had with the wind when he was younger, when they were “comrades.” He reflects on when he was younger and was faster and stronger than the West Wind. He clarifies wanting to feel the same way he did in the past, youthful and strong, is the only reason for coming to the West Wind. He wants to be given the same treatment as the waves, leaves and clouds, saying “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!” Time has made life dull and hard for him along with his spirit, which is no longer “tameless, and swift, and proud” like the West Wind.

The last canto depicts the speaker asking to become an instrument. He wants the West Wind to turn him into a lyre. During his time, the æolian harp, a type of wind chime, was a popular instrument during the Romantic era. The harp is played by simply setting it in the wind, which is what the speaker longs for. The speaker says he wants to be used by the wind in whatever way the West Wind wants to use him. He wishes to be blown by the Wind like the branches are, leaves attached or not. His pride has been stripped of him like the leaves on the trees, and both are dying.

He then goes as far as to ask the “fierce” spirit of the West Wind to take over his soul and live in him. His thoughts are like the dead leaves and if the West Wind could control them, maybe instead of dead leaves, they can be something that dies but can grow again in the springtime. The speaker suggests the words of his poems are being blown around into the world as “sparks” and “ashes.” The speaker describes himself as the “unextinguished hearth” the sparks come from, a fire that is slowly dying but still there.

He ends, returning to his wish of being played like an instrument, referring to himself as a trumpet the wind should blow its prophecy through. His last line is “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” This simple question holds more weight than meets the eye. He needs the answer to be “yes” because he knows he can’t take much more of the torturous winter that is his life at that moment. 

This is composed in a set of separate sonnets brought together. It is formed so that one must continue reading to find out how the story ends. It leaves the reader on edge, going through everything in real time with the author. This has Romanticism seen all throughout it. Romanticism stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical art forms, and rebellion against social conventions. He provides the reader with the chance to envision what the wind is really like with all his analogies. He had been overtaken, he felt, by society and all that had happened to him and wanted the wind to free and renew him. It provides a sense of hope for things to come and is very optimistic.

From a Christian perspective, this is resonating with me due to personal struggles. In life, there are many ups and downs and as a Christian, it’s hard to believe God hears all my prayers. But, like the speaker had a hope, the faith like a mustard seed, and constant belief that better must come stays alive. God tells us, “Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths” (Prov. 3:5, 6). In this verse we can be reassured God will never forsake us and if we continue to praise him in the bad times He will always see us through. This year has been a series of highs and lows for me, and in the bad times I often want to give up and question why God is testing me in the way He is. But, when I get to my lowest point, I step back and think, who am I to be feeling the way I do, and what kind of faith do I have to believe God can’t get me out of my little situation. Trust in God is imperative, especially in the bad times. Even if you don’t believe in God, simply keeping a positive mindset will get you so much farther in life.

In the Bible, the greatest example of faith and hope I know is Job. He had everything he could possibly want and more: family, money, and notoriety. He served God but he had everything; it was easy to. God let Satan attack Job to just show him how strong his servant was. He had literally everything stripped from him even to the point where Satan took away his health and Job was dying. He was in the hardest time in his life, the worst season or the harshest winter. He still believed in God’s plan and the hope that tomorrow will be better than the day before. In God’s timing, he renewed Job’s health and gave him what he had and so much more for his faith.

The speaker in the ode may not have gone through what Job did but he still showed faith and hope and that is recognized. I appreciate this poem and the reminder it gave me personally to do as God says in John 16:33, “I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world, you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world.”

Review of Is Genesis History?

Seraphim Hamilton

The following review was published on Seraphim’s Web site Apologia Pro Ortho Doxa in late February 2017.

I went last night to see the special showing of the new creationist documentary Is Genesis History? The film represents a major improvement upon previous creationist documentaries because those interviewed represent intellectual honesty, creativity, and the best in modern creationism. Kurt Wise, Arthur Chadwick, and Todd Wood are all prominently featured. This makes the film an excellent introduction for those interested in the state of creationist scientific argument today. But even referring to this as a scientific “argument” somewhat misstates the nature of this work, because it is not principally about apologetics. Instead, it represents the classical Christian view of scholarship: faith seeking understanding. Beginning from a position of trust in the God who gave the Scriptures, these scientists seek to understand Earth history simply because of the joy of understanding the creation of the Almighty.

We are introduced to Steve Austin and Andrew Snelling’s fascinating work on the sedimentary record, showing that there are certain features of that record which imply rapid deposition on a worldwide scale. For example, major sedimentary layers in the Americas have counterparts not only across the American continent, but across all continents. This is very significant: instead of arguing, as older creationists unsuccessfully did, that the geologic column is simply a fiction, these scientists point to the very existence of a worldwide pattern in deposition as evidence that the deposition must substantially be the product of a worldwide catastrophe. Indeed, the fact that there is a geologic column is powerful evidence of a flood. Moreover, between sedimentary layers are “unconformities,” thought to represent hundreds of millions of years of “missing time” where there was no sedimentary deposition. Yet, the surfaces of the sedimentary rocks are relatively flat, which is difficult to account for if there were millions of years of weathering and erosion.

Dr. Kurt Wise, arguably the founder of the modern creationist movement, takes a look at fossils, suggesting that the order of fossils in the record are the result of a succession of ecological zones in the antediluvian world. The suggestion that a flood would deposit fossils in mixed heaps simply misunderstands how sedimentation works: floods bury animals basically in place. They don’t float around in the water for an extensive period of time before being buried from fossils from other areas. Since the original creation was created with zones in place, the antediluvian world had an intelligently organized ecosystem with different zones, instead of the modern ecological system, which represents the contingent events of post-flood dispersion and intrabaraminic diversification.

Dr. Todd Wood looks at the creationist view of the kind, or baramin, suggesting that the creationist “kind” is roughly on the level of the biological family, and that after the flood, there was rapid and significant diversification. He extends this to humankind, noting that statistical baraminology, which was developed before it was applied to humans and generally identifies the baramin along the lines of the family, generates a real distinction between humans and other apes, confirming a key creationist prediction. I wish the editors of the film included more material dealing with Wood’s arguments, because it is essential to note that the mechanism of diversification in the creationist model is not Darwinian, but epigenetic. God intentionally frontloaded information into all baramins giving them an intrinsic potential for diversity.

Finally, the film looks to the history of the Tower of Babel, interviewing Douglas Petrovich. It is here that I disagree with the arguments set forth. Dr. Petrovich is a defender of the conventional chronology of the ancient world, which is irreconcilable with the biblical chronology. His archaeological setting of Babel at Eridu cannot be sustained within a creationist framework, because the archaeological context is post-Stone Age. On the creationist model, Stone Age remains postdate the dispersion from Babel. The life of Abraham (archaeologically the late Chalcolithic) occurs merely centuries after the end of the Stone Age, and the traces of Stone Age culture in Genesis are significant — note the use of caves by Abraham and Lot’s home in a cave. These were used by early settlers after Babel until populations were sufficiently large to construct advanced cities — which is misinterpreted by modern anthropologists as the invention of agriculture and civilization. This means that the remains of Babel must predate the so-called Paleolithic, and will likely be conventionally dated anywhere from 200,000 B.C. to 1,000,000 B.C. depending on one’s view of Neanderthals and other hominids. These are undoubtedly human, but I think they represent small dispersions from Babel before the main dispersion. During the time when the majority of the human family lived together in the Near East, I suggest that they homogenized into H. Sapiens, as other families who had left beforehand, during the period of major intrabaraminic diversification, became H. Neanderthalensis, H. Erectus, H. Naledi, H. Floresiensis, and probably A. Sediba. Hence why these fossils generally predate the arrival of Sapiens. Local legends of a small, talking, clothed (speech and clothing are the biblical criteria for humanity) people on the island of Flores suggests that H. Floresiensis may have survived until about 200 years ago.

Anyway, this is to say that Petrovich simply cannot be correct.

Overall, I would highly recommend this film for an accurate, though somewhat dry, presentation of the state of creationist science today — but I would strongly recommend pursuing the writings of these scientists to gain a more comprehensive look.

Christmas VI: Home for the Holidays

Christopher Rush

Don’t get me wrong: I enjoy being a teacher.  But we all enjoy a break from the rigors of academic life once in a while, and since the end-of-the-calendar year holidays are especially enjoyable, spending them at home away is always the way to go, if it can happen.  Certainly we at Redeeming Pandora are grateful for and to the men and women in the armed services who spend the holidays (and months of the year and more) away from home, oftentimes in dangerous situations.  Being a teacher has never yielded challenges such as those, no matter how much we may rail against certain excursions into the backwaters (or floodwaters) of rural Chesapeake.  So I hope I have a proper perspective on the extremely blessed life I have lived, especially having usually been able to enjoy several weeks off each year during the holidays.  Sure, some years have been better than others, but we all experience that.

We’ve covered just about every subject by now in these holiday tradition articles, so it may be about time next year to revisit some old topics and see how life and things have changed over the years (when we began this enterprise, my wife and I had a four-month-old daughter — now we have a seven-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son, so some things have changed indeed).  For now, I’d like to wrap up 2016, a challenging year for a lot of people for a variety of reasons (some of them even real), with a few thoughts on one of my favorite holiday traditions: playing video games for hours and hours and hours and hours.

I believe I have mentioned once upon a time there was a decently-sized stretch of holiday vacations in which I played Illusion of Gaia to its completion on Christmas Eve.  The tradition started even before that with annual year-end plays of StarTropics.  Some of the best Christmas breaks, though, featured lengthy plays of my favorite video game of all time, Final Fantasy VI.  Some day soon I’d like to get back into that game, but first I have an obligation to my children to finish ChronoTrigger.  We started that a year ago, but things and time and such got away from us this summer, so I still have to finish that up.  In recent Christmas breaks, I’ve been playing more PS3 games, such as the Uncharted and God of War series (nothing says Christmas in this day and age like slaughtering Greek gods).  Some of the Batman Arkham series have also started to associate themselves with Christmastime.  Two main reasons explain this phenomenon: Christmastime is one of the few times of the year in which I have the freedom (and life energy) to play videogames; also, popular videogames get very inexpensive if you wait a year or two after their release, and thus make excellent stocking stuffers, and what would Christmas be without playing with your new toys/games?

Moments ago I mentioned I didn’t complete ChronoTrigger this past summer with my kids (I do most of the playing, they sit back and enjoy the story; it works out well for everyone, really).  This was because I got distracted by another trip down memory lane, which happens to be the main subject of this oddly-themed Christmas article: Final Fantasy XII.

FFXII is at worst my third-favorite game, behind FFVI and ChronoTrigger, and it has been making some ground on ChronoTrigger.  I admit I have not completed the entire game, though I have spent a fair amount of time playing it (over 130 hours, if the internal chronometer is to be believed), but I have played enough to get a good understanding of it.  I played it shortly after it first came out, a decade ago, but somehow life’s circumstances took me away before I could make it all the way to the end (I suspect our move from Virginia Beach had something to do with it).  For some time, I had a desire to get back into it, and this past summer I just decided to go for it.  And that’s mostly how I spent my summer vacation, and, hopefully, a fair amount of my Christmas vacation.

The Story

You know I wouldn’t spoil anything without warning you in advance, but one of the benefits of not knowing the ending myself is I can’t tell you about it, so I will focus on the basics.  FFXII takes place on the world of Ivalice, possibly the most fully-realized world in Final Fantasy history, in that it has a rich, noticeable history and a palpable present, with all nations and races full and developed and interactive.  Even the great FFVI suffers in this respect at times: you’ll show up in a new part of the world because the game wants to introduce a new character, not because this location has a meaningful connection to the places you’ve already been.  This is not so in FFXII: all races, all nations, all cities are aware of the others — they don’t always get along, of course, but the world is connected very cohesively.

Ivalice, like all worlds, has various nations, some of which prefer to have more international political power than others.  The Archadian Empire has fallen into unscrupulous hands, and it is starting to gobble up surrounding nations.  The Rozarrian Empire on the other side of the world is not terribly happy with that.  Caught in the middle of these two war-impending empires is the Resistance.  This is basically where our heroes come in.  Various survivors of previous wars and insurrections (and other economic considerations) have banded together to reclaim what was once theirs, to fight for the freedom of the people, and to make the world a safe place of justice and freedom once again.  The usual stuff of great stories.

What makes FFXII different, though, from the typical rebels vs. empire stories is both how unobtrusive this main storyline is to the playing of the game as well as the very engaging past of the world, as our heroes spend a good deal of their time learning about the past and its relics to understand present-day conflicts and solutions (it’s a great lesson for us today, as well).

I say the main storyline is unobtrusive, but I don’t mean it’s dull or short—only that you can enjoy playing this game for hours on end on enjoyable side-quests and level raising and whatnot and the game will not punish you for taking so long between plot points.  Yes, there are important plot points and cut scenes and “once you do this you can never go back to how it was” events that change the game, but the game gives you plenty of warning and opportunity to commit to them or come back later if you need to raise levels, upgrade weapons and armor, restock your provisions, or whatever.  You do need to advance the story some times to get access to the better equipment and spells and things, but by that point in the game, you’re ready and eager for it, anyway.

Magic is a key part of all Final Fantasy games, but one of the reasons I like FFVI so much is the significant magic vs. technology subplot.  It’s not just conjuring up dark spirits to tamper in God’s domain.  Similarly, FFXII takes the idea of magic and connects it to technology and supernatural forces, but one is never given the impression your spells are aligning you with the forces of darkness.  The more you learn about your world’s past, and the forces that have shaped it for good and ill, the more your understanding of the supernatural and magic grows (always a good thing).  The game doesn’t give you the impression the divine is just aliens you can control or conquer — in fact, the many characters of religious faith are presented in the best light as anyone in the game.

On the journey to gather allies, learn about the world, and attempt to stop a war before it destroys the world, our heroes find out some forces within the Archadian Empire are also working toward peace — but other forces are working to make the magic even more dangerous (thanks to technology), and we must take a more active role in the conflict for the slam-bang finish.  That’s where I am in the game: a few events away from the finish.  I’ll let you know how it goes (I hope).

The Characters

Once you get past a brief introductory scene that familiarizes you to the game mechanics and a bit of the backstory to the main conflicts involved, the game begins with our main character, Vaan, a refugee street urchin working odd jobs for a local merchant with big dreams of becoming a sky pirate (like a regular pirate, but on a flying airship).  He has a lot of anger inside because of the losses he has suffered at the hands of the Archadian Empire, but on the whole he is an optimistic, energetic young guy who wants to see the world, treat people well, and learn (though he’s not yet so mature he knows it’s impolite to ask a woman her age).  Even though Vaan has some significant connections to the major conflicts of the overarching story, he acts mostly as our advocate in the world, observing and learning, with little direct involvement in the present storyline itself (sort of like Nick Carroway in The Great Gatsby).

Vaan’s street urchin friend Penelo is the first other main character we meet once the present storyline begins, though she is the last to join the group.  She, too, has suffered because of the Archadian Empire, but she, too, tries to keep her spirits up even in these troubled times.  Part of the reason even the homeless are chipper at the start of the game is because the Empire hasn’t shown its true colors yet and material prosperity seems to be back again (odd how people are quick to ignore political morasses when personal economy seems healthy).  Regardless, Penelo vows to keep her eye on her good friend Vaan for his own good.  You’d think there’d be a bigger love interest story with these two, but there isn’t (and that’s not so bad).

The main story of our heroic rebels actually centers on Ashe (short for Ashelia), the young princess of our country Dalmasca who is leading the Resistance in disguise.  It is her role to travel through the world, learn about her heritage and connection to the magical forces at work in the world (in her effort to destroy all magic once and for all), and restore Dalmasca’s freedom from the Empire (with or without destroying the Empire in the process).  Her dominance in the ongoing storyline lends one to think of her as the main character instead of Vaan, but don’t let that bother you.  Instead, think of it as a clever element of the game to give all the main group members a significant amount of screen time.

The brawn of the group is another loyal son of Dalmasca, Basch.  We actually meet him in the prologue scenario, in which it seems his loyalty is a sham, but that is cleared up within about twenty minutes of playing the game, so I’m not spoiling anything, really.  Plus, since he’s on the cover with all the other heroes, you know he’s got to be a good guy.  He, too, has strong connections to the Empire and the overarching stories.  Suffice it to say, despite his potential loyalty conflicts (I don’t want to spoil things for you, but let’s just say he has a brother who’s a high-ranking official for the Empire), he is a key member of the team, especially as his knowledge and experience guide the group during many side quests and even main plot events.  Plus, as I said, he’s really strong against non-magical monsters, so giving him a war hammer or heavy axe and letting him have at it is pretty fun to watch.

Rounding out our main group (a comparatively miniscule group of six heroes, contrasted to the cast of fourteen in FFVI), we have a pair of real-life sky pirates: Balthier and Fran.  Fran is a Viera (basically, a race of human-looking aliens … with bunny ears — but it looks far less silly than it sounds, believe me), and as such she has a strong connection to the magical elements of the world (called Mist), which makes her a strong magic user, though she’s also good with a bow.  Balthier and Fran are basically the Han and Chewie of the team, if that helps, and, like Han, Balthier thinks he is the leading man of the story, adding a rather humorous element to a number of cut scenes and character interactions (and a lot of people seem to believe him, since Vaan oftentimes takes a narrative backseat to the other characters on the team).  Balthier, too, has a strong connection to the Empire that causes him a good deal of pain, which he usually glosses over with charm and skillfully deflecting our attention to other things.  He wants us to think he’s only helping the Resistance for the potential reward Ashe will give him when she regains her throne, but there’s more to it than that (yes, it’s that old story, but it comes off with enough differences that it’s not just a banal Star Wars rip-off).  Fran, likewise, has outsider issues, being far from home and her race and having spent possibly too much time with the humans (“humes” in this game).  I know that, too, sounds awfully familiar, but the game presents her character conflicts in fresh ways, even with the archetypal aspects to it all.

Along the way, our heroes gain temporary allies, travel the world, gain levels, make friends, restore order, learn lessons, raise levels, buy items, locate runaway cockatrices, save the world (I assume) and so much more.  With a small cast of main characters this time, combined with the still-impressive cut screen (in-game movies) technology and voice acting, we really get to spend a good deal of time getting to know them, see them interact (which is usually the highlight of games and stories and such as this), and connect with them in multiple ways like any good characters from “literature.”  Just because these characters and their story are in a video game does not make them any less meaningful or engaging as Hamlet or Walter Lee Younger or Nora Helmer or Anna Karenina or any of the highbrow gang.  They are just as real, too.  You can scoff, sure; I can take it.  But if we live in a world that tells us people who transport a ball of air around a hardwood court or grass yard are heroes to be followed and emulated and lauded (and financially supported), I think it’s fair to say characters in a game with meaningful conflicts and needs and hopes and heartaches and dreams that resonate within us, characters with which we have a direct involvement through our decisions as game players, are just as real as literary heroes, historical heroes, and athletic heroes.  And I know I’m not the only one who thinks that way.  Plus, I’m a published author.  You can trust me.

The Distinctives

So what’s so special about FFXII?  How can you play for hours and hours without advancing the story (and have fun doing it, more than just the RPG-requisite level raising)?  Here are just a few of the many enjoyable aspects of FFXII that make for a great holiday (or summertime) vacation pastime.

The Gambit System — in most videogame role-playing games, you have to manually tell all your characters what to do during every encounter: you fight that monster, you cast that spell, you use that item, round after round after round.  FFXII does away with all that button pushing with the clever gambit system: dozens and dozens of context-sensitive commands you can “pre-program” for your characters to handle virtually all encounters without you having to tell them what to do every single time.  Once you get the hang of it, it becomes a real time and thumb saver.  You’ll be tinkering with and adjusting it throughout the game, plus you’ll be telling your characters what to do plenty, so there’s no loss of interactivity or feeling of control/guidance of these characters.  All that’s lost is the repetitive nonsense.

The Battle System — unlike most RPGs that feature random encounters with monsters to give you experience (to raise levels and attributes and whatnot) and money (to buy new armor, weapons, items, etc.), FFXII gives us the “open world” feeling of seeing where all the enemies are, just like you are there in the plains, on the mountain path, in the castle, or wherever you are — you can actually see where the enemies/monsters are in the world.  This makes so much more sense, and combined with the gambit system, you can have fun raising levels by running around the world, watching your heroes act and react naturally, all the while enjoying the fantastic musical score by Hitoshi Sakimoto (seriously, many of the themes of the soundtrack are gorgeous aural experiences).  Additionally, unlike the usual “you get 287 gold pieces for defeating those blue slimes” (as if monsters would carry human currency), FFXII eliminates that thematic discrepancy by having you pick up “loot” from the foes you defeat:, loot that makes sense: wolves drop pelts, for example; bats drop fangs; skeletons drop bones and iron swords they were carrying.  You, then, take the loot you pick up from your fallen foe (just like epic heroes) and sell it all back in towns for money, which you can use to buy what you need from other shops.  Plus, the game has bonuses for fighting similar kinds of monsters, developing “battle chains” that can result in better and better loot as you take the time to stay and fight and raise levels — the game rewards you in many ways for doing what the game effectively requires you to do, making the gameplay experience that much more enjoyable.  Plus plus, it makes a lot more thematic sense.

Crystals, Travel, and Non-linearity — as convenient as it used to be in older Final Fantasy games to be able to save your game practically anywhere in the world (other than in dungeons or in the middle of certain levels or areas except for special save spots), the hassle of having to buy cabins or tents or staying at inns sometimes meant a good deal of precious gold pieces going to that.  The save crystals in FFXII eliminate that problem (I know earlier entries in the series use similar objects, like FFX, but they make better sense in FFXII).  True, you don’t get some of the great nighttime dream sequences or cut scenes like in FFVI, but that’s a small price to pay for not having a price to pay.

Another convenience of certain save spot crystals in FFXII indeed are the orange transport crystals that allow you to instantaneously travel to various parts of the world you’ve been to before in the game, at the small cost of one teleport crystal.  These don’t cost very much gp, and soon enough in the game you’ll have acquired so many of them anyway through picking up loot from fallen monsters, rewards for special tasks you accomplish, and other events in the game you may likely go through the whole game without paying for a single transportation crystal.  As much as I love FFVI (and IV), so much of the first part of the game is a niggling feeling of “boy, when I get my airship, I’ll be able to go anywhere, do anything…” and suddenly you realize you are exactly like Vaan in FFXII, waiting for the freedom of travel.  The teleport crystals in FFXII eliminate that feeling of impatience and limitation almost immediately in the game (which is like, thirty minutes of game time, small potatoes considering how long you will be playing it).  You’d think you’d have Balthier and Fran’s airship early in the game when they join the party permanently, but events in the game damage the ship so you are on foot for most of the game.  This does require you to walk through large sections of the world until you get to the various teleport crystals, but this is more beneficial for you, since it gives you the opportunity to fight monsters, gain experience, gain loot, raise levels (all the nitty gritty of classic RPGs, though made more fun be all the developments enumerated above).

These teleport crystals are possibly the key enabler of freedom from the main story.  I mentioned earlier the story is fairly unobtrusive for most of the game, and this is true depending on how you play Final Fantasy XII.  With the teleport crystals, you can easily leave the main palace or dungeon or next key plot point before you enter it, transport yourself somewhere else in the world, and spend hours doing sidequests or level raising or whatever, then teleport back to where the game “wants” you to be without any of the AI characters any wiser or frustrated at your “dilatory” behavior.  That is true freedom you want in a game like this.

Growth — raising levels is considered by some jackanapes a “necessary evil” of RPGs: as the game progresses, the enemies get harder, you have to get stronger, faster, you need more hit points, more magic points, et cetera et cetera et cetera.  These same Tom Fool wastrels use unkind words to describe the process of raising levels, fighting monsters somewhat mindlessly for hours on end solely to gain experience and dosh to get your characters stronger and buy them better stuff.  I admit, for most RPGs, the process of gaining levels can be somewhat tedious, but as we have already indicated, that does not apply to FFXII.  The background music, the gambit system, the onscreen encounters all add up to the most enjoyable level-raising experiences in RPGs (surpassing even FFVI in this respect, yes).  But that’s not the point here.  The point here is in addition to all that, level raising in FFXII is more than just getting your characters to their programmed maximum attributes: similar to (but improved from) FFX’s “sphere grid” system, FFXII uses the “license board” to allow you to customize each character.  You decide what spells they learn, what weapons they can use, what armor they can use, and other customizable elements.  As indicated above, some characters are naturally better at some skills than others (Ashe and Fran, for example, are naturally better at spellcasting than Balthier and Basch, say, and it’s wise to give them some spell gambits, especially as their healing spells are more effective than, say, Vaan’s).  This licensing board system gives you great freedom (that word again) to customize the characters differently each time you play the game.  As I said, I like to give Basch a war hammer or battle axe and let him smash opponents.  Penelo is “supposed” to stay back and hurl spells or long-range weapons, but she’s a tough, fast kid, so I like to give her strong spears or poles to jump into the fray.  Balthier’s guns are strong, but I prefer to give him a katana or other ninja blades and give him accessories that allow him to strike multiple times per turn.  The game gives you far more options than these.

Side quests — the meat and potatoes of the game’s freedom and fun come from the side quests.  I told you there’s a point in the game in which you travel the world looking for runaway cockatrices.  That’s just one of literally dozens of optional side quests available throughout the game.  You can get a fishing rod and learn how to fish for as long as you want.  In addition, the more you engage with the characters (regular townspeople and the like), the more the game rewards you.  Even these people are realized characters who change and are aware of the main events of the story, and when you encounter them in seemingly throwaway moments, you will meet them again in another part of the world, and frankly, that’s awesome.  I don’t want to spoil too much of the rest of the game for you, but suffice it to say this game gives you plenty of reasons to play it for a long, long time.

Hold on, let me tell you perhaps the most clever side quest: the Hunts.  You have to join it early in the game as a required plot point, but after that early incident the rest is optional.  The Hunts are this terribly clever side quest that lasts the whole game in which various citizens of the world are having various problems (a huge snake is preventing a spice trader from importing his goods here, a young child’s pet turtle has somehow transmogrified into a giant snapping turtle of destruction there — you get the idea), and only you and your friends are up to the task of setting this fiasco right again.  It’s a great way to earn unique items (for some things, the only way to earn rare items), travel familiar territory for new purposes, and just have fun, as each hunt has different requirements and aspects to it (they aren’t just “go here and beat up this thing and come back for your reward”).

But it gets better.  Once you start making a name for yourself as a great hunter, you get to join the clan of fellow hunters, which enables you to get other nice treats, info on elite marks, and gives more cohesion to the world.  Later in the game, you get the chance to join a second, more elite Hunt Club, in which ultra-rare monsters appear only during these hunts throughout the world, enabling you to get more elite items.  Yes, sometimes these hunts can be devastating if you aren’t prepared or playing wisely (which may have happened to me a couple times this past summer), but that can be true of the main game as well.  This massive, complex but not complicated series of side quests is just one of the many clever ways this game presents a unified, believable world from beginning to (I assume) end.

The important thing about the many and varied side quests throughout FFXII is not that they are basically “necessary” to get the good stuff to win the game.  You can play through the main storyline just fine without any of these optional elements, and that will be a rich, rewarding experience all its own.  Yet, the greatness that is the side quests of FFXII lies also in how much they reward you playing them.  They give you great stuff, sure, but that alone would be meaningless if they weren’t as fun as they are.  I said before they make the supporting characters you meet somewhat incidentally come alive more meaningfully, and that point should not be ignored.  Without descending into sounding maudlin, the characters (main and supporting) and the side quests really make you want to spend time in this world.  Yes, the world has a lot of problems (impending war, gigantic monsters that want to destroy you, crumbling ruins of forgotten technology and civilizations, alien beings trying to pull the strings on the development of all races, the usual), but like the opening song to Deep Space Nine or Star Wars, you just get overwhelmed with the feeling of “yeah, I want to be here for a while.”  And the side quests especially allow you to do that in meaningful, enriching ways.

The Goods

No, it’s not “just a videogame.”  Like the great works of art and literature, Final Fantasy XII causes us to look within and around and make ourselves and our world better.  That’s what Christmas is partly about as well, isn’t it?

And, man, that musical score….

I’m very glad Christmas break is almost upon us again.  I really want to get back to Ivalice and play more Final Fantasy XII.  If you don’t have a PS2 (did I mention it is a PS2 game?), do not fear.  Just in time for its 11th anniversary, I hear a remastered version is coming in 2017 to the PS4 (you have one of those, right?), complete with an even better licensing/customizing experience.  If they keep the music and characters and story and other side quests in place yet improved with modern technology and whatnot, you will find this a fantastic experience.

Have a Merry Christmas 2016, everyone!  Even if you don’t get around to playing Final Fantasy XII, we at Redeeming Pandora hope it will be a refreshing, leisure-filled time of quality family experiences, meaningful spiritual reflection and growth, musical memories old and new, tasty treats and savory snacks, nostalgic films, games and fun and shopping and games, and many, many days of lounging around at home for the holidays (preferably in your jimjams all day long — that’s my plan).

See you in 2017!

The Good (and Great?) Songs

Dave Thompson

In 2011, Dave Thompson released a (to be generous) book featuring a litany of 1,000 songs that, according to the title of the work “rock your world.”  To be fair to Mr. Thompson, the book seems intended to be a visual treasure trove of rare photographs, tour memorabilia, miscellaneous album paraphernalia and more, with a few diversely-organized lists, and thus the book is in nowise intended as a scholarly treatment of the history of pop music and/or what makes a song great.  Fair enough.  As our purpose here is not to treat on the book itself directly (I’m sure I’ll do that in a future book review collection), we shall simply introduce Mr. Thompson’s list of the best 1,000 rock songs (or whatever) of all time (as of 2011).  This is not my list, but it has been an interesting experience trying to work through this list, especially as I have not heard of many of the artists and certainly fewer of the songs enumerated here.  Feel free to join in my personal challenge to listen to these 1,000 songs and, perhaps, reflect on their merit and come up with your own such list.

  1. Bus Stop                                                      Hollies
  2. Season of the Witch                                  Donovan
  3. Jungleland                                 Bruce Springsteen
  4. Won’t Get Fooled Again                            Who
  5. Rock and Roll                                              Gary Glitter
  6. Desolation Row                                          Bob Dylan
  7. While My Guitar Gently Weeps               Beatles
  8. Year of the Cat                                           Al Stewart
  9. Famous Blue Raincoat                              Leonard Cohen
  10. Gimme Shelter                                           Rolling Stones
  11. Rhiannon                                                    Fleetwood Mac
  12. Stairway to Heaven                                   Led Zeppelin
  13. Hey Jude                                                      Beatles
  14. Like a Hurricane                                         Neil Young
  15. Like a Rolling Stone                                   Bob Dylan
  16. A Day in the Life                                         Beatles
  17. Elemental Child                                          T-Rex
  18. Born to Run                                                Bruce Springsteen
  19. I Walk on Gilded Splinters                        Dr. John
  20. Shake Some Action                                   Flaming Groovies
  21. Smoke on the Water                                 Deep Purple
  22. Be Bop a Lula                                           Gene Vincent & His Blue Cops
  23. Wish You Were Here                                 Pink Floyd
  24. Life on Mars                                                David Bowie
  25. Trampled Underfoot                                 Led Zeppelin
  26. Musical Box                                                Genesis
  27. Number One Crush                                   Garbage
  28. I’m Not in Love                                           10CC
  29. Lily, Rosemary, & The Jack of Hearts    Bob Dylan
  30. Bridge Over Troubled Water                   Simon & Garfunkel
  31. She’s Not There                                          Zombies
  32. School’s Out                                                Alice Cooper
  33. Sympathy for the Devil                             Rolling Stones
  34. Past, Present, Future                                Shangri-Las
  35. Waterloo Sunset                                        Kinks
  36. Everyday is Like Sunday                           Morrissey
  37. America                                                       Simon & Garfunkel
  38. Layla                                                            Derek & The Dominos
  39. Heroes and Villains                                   Beach Boys
  40. Bad Moon Rising                                    Creedence Clearwater Revival
  41. I’m Eighteen                                                Alice Cooper
  42. All Along the Watchtower                         Jimi Hendrix Experience
  43. American Pie                                              Don McLean
  44. Celluloid Heroes                                        Kinks
  45. Bored Teenagers                                       Adverts
  46. See Emily Play                                             Pink Floyd
  47. All the Young Dudes                                  Mott the Hoople
  48. Baba O’Riley                                               Who
  49. Low Spark of High Heeled Boys              Traffic
  50. My Generation                                           Who
  51. The Boys are Back in Town                      Thin Lizzy
  52. The Next Time                                            Cliff Richard
  53. Bohemian Rhapsody                                 Queen
  54. In a Broken Dream                                    Python Lee Jackson
  55. Changing of the Guard                             Bob Dylan
  56. Instant Karma                                             Plastic Ono Band
  57. Suite: Judy Blue Eyes                                 Crosby, Still, & Nash
  58. Hocus Pocus                                               Focus
  59. Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)                    Bruce Springsteen
  60. Midnight Rambler                                      Rolling Stones
  61. A Man Needs a Maid                                 Neil Young
  62. A Groovy Kind of Love                             Mindbenders
  63. Dream On                                                   Aerosmith
  64. New York Mining Disaster 1941             Bee Gees
  65. Can’t Find My Way Home                       Blind Faith
  66. Superstar                                                       Carpenters
  67. Caroline Says II                                           Lou Reed
  68. God Only Knows                                         Beach Boys
  69. I Feel Fine                                                     Beatles
  70. Alright Now                                                   Free
  71. D’yer Maker                                                 Led Zeppelin
  72. Let it Be                                                         Beatles
  73. Don’t Fear the Reaper                                Blue Oyster Cult
  74. Satisfaction                                                  Rolling Stones
  75. 4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)               Bruce Springsteen
  76. Statesboro Blues                                          Allman Brothers
  77. Silver Springs                                                Fleetwood Mac
  78. Octopus                                                         Syd Barrett
  79. She’s Gone                                                    Hall & Oates
  80. Refugees                                                       Van Der Graaf Generator
  81. Tupelo Honey                                              Van Morrison
  82. Roadrunner                                                  Modern Lovers
  83. Reason to Believe                                       Rod Stewart
  84. Diamonds and Rust                                    Joan Baez
  85. You Really Got Me                                     Kinks
  86. I’m Waiting for the Man                            Velvet Underground
  87. Cowgirl in the Sand                                     Neil Young
  88. Imagine                                                         John Lennon
  89. Kashmir                                                         Led Zeppelin
  90. Bad to the Bone                    George Thorogood & The Destroyers
  91. Sultans of Swing                                          Dire Straits
  92. New Rose                                                      Damned
  93. Loser                                                              Beck
  94. Ballad of a Thin Man                                 Bob Dylan
  95. London Calling                                            Clash
  96. Who Do You Love                                      Juicy Lucy
  97. Across the Universe                                     Beatles
  98. Autumn Almanac                                       Kinks
  99. Roadhouse Blues                                        Doors
  100. Hotel California                                           Eagles
  101. House of the Rising Sun                             Animals
  102. Ball and Chain                              Big Brother & The Holding Company
  103. Do Ya Think I’m Sexy                               Rod Stewart
  104. Dust in the Wind                                          Kansas
  105. Sunshine of Your Love                              Cream
  106. Come Out and Play                                    Offspring
  107. The Boxer                                                     Simon & Garfunkel
  108. Highway to Hell                                           AC/DC
  109. Solsbury Hill                                                 Peter Gabriel
  110. Violet                                                             Hole
  111. Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding Elton John
  112. Smells Like Teen Spirit                               Nirvana
  113. Take Me Out                                                Franz Ferdinand
  114. Sweet Jane                                                    Velvet Underground
  115. God                                                                John Lennon
  116. Dead Babies                                                 Alice Cooper
  117. What Have They Done to My Song, Ma    Melanie
  118. Stagger Lee                                                   Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  119. Another Day                                                 Paul McCartney
  120. Privilege                                                         Patti Smith Group
  121. Mother’s Little Helper                                Rolling Stones
  122. More Than a Feeling                                   Boston
  123. Brown Eyed Girl                                          Van Morrison
  124. Daydream Believer                                     Monkees
  125. Beautiful Day                                              U2
  126. Heroes                                                           David Bowie
  127. Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood              Animals
  128. Helter Skelter                                                Beatles
  129. Wild Horses                                                  Rolling Stones
  130. Ballad of Dwight Frye                                Alice Cooper
  131. All Day and All of the Night                      Kinks
  132. White Rabbit                                                Jefferson Airplane
  133. Eloise                                                             Barry Ryan
  134. Sara                                                                Fleetwood Mac
  135. Up on Cripple Creek                                   Band
  136. Let It Bleed                                                   Rolling Stones
  137. Supper’s Ready                                           Genesis
  138. Abandoned Love                                        Bob Dylan
  139. I Love Rock ’n’ Roll                                   Arrows
  140. White Man in Hammersmith Palais        Clash
  141. 25 or 6 to 4                                                   Chicago
  142. Summertime Blues                                      Eddie Cochran
  143. Someone Saved My Life Tonight            Elton John
  144. Sweet Baby James                                      James Taylor
  145. Maybelline                                                    Chuck Berry
  146. These Days                                                   Jackson Browne
  147. Freight Train                                               Chas McDevitt Skiffle Group
  148. A Night Like This                                         Cure
  149. Don’t Think Twice, It’s Alright                 Bob Dylan
  150. You Keep Me Hanging On                        Vanilla Fudge
  151. That’ll Be the Day                                       Buddy Holly
  152. Hurdy Gurdy Man                                      Donovan
  153. American Woman                                       Guess Who
  154. On the Road Again                                     Canned Heat
  155. Walk This Way                                            Aerosmith
  156. You Can’t Always Get What You Want Rolling Stones
  157. Daniel                                                            Bat for Lashes
  158. Strawberry Fields Forever                          Beatles
  159. Mage Bus                                                      Who
  160. Good Vibrations                                          Beach Boys
  161. Help                                                               Beatles
  162. Dancing in the Dark                                    Bruce Springsteen
  163. I Still Haven’t Found What I’m Looking For  U2
  164. Somebody to Shove                                   Soul Asylum
  165. No Matter What                                          Badfinger
  166. #9 Dream                                                      John Lennon
  167. Rock and Roll Music                                  Chuck Berry
  168. Eight Miles High                                          Byrds
  169. Drive In Saturday                                        David Bowie
  170. Back Street Luv                                           Curved Air
  171. The Letter                                                     Boxtops
  172. Atlantis                                                          Donovan
  173. At the Hop                                                    Danny & The Juniors
  174. Heartbreak Hotel                                        Elvis Presley
  175. Supernaut                                                     Black Sabbath
  176. Napoleon Bonapart One and Two           Budgie
  177. American Girl                                      Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  178. Echoes                                                           Pink Floyd
  179. The Knife                                                      Genesis
  180. Shape of Things                                           Yardbirds
  181. Rebel Rebel                                                  David Bowie
  182. Gimme Some Truth                                    John Lennon
  183. Desperado                                                     Eagles
  184. Soldier Blue                                                  Buffy Sainte Marie
  185. Watching the Detectives                    Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  186. Go Your Own Way                                      Fleetwood Mac
  187. Josephine                                          John Otway and Wild Willy Barrett
  188. Paris 1919                                                     John Cale
  189. Someone to Lay Down Beside Me          Karla Bonoff
  190. Get Back                                                       Beatles
  191. Rising Sun                                                     Medicine Head
  192. Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands              Bob Dylan
  193. Breathing                                                      Kate Bush
  194. Bela Lugosi’s Dead                                     Bauhaus
  195. Psychotic Reaction                                     Count Five
  196. Autobahn                                                      Kraftwerk
  197. Lust for Life                                                 Iggy Pop
  198. Longview                                                      Green Day
  199. Almost Cut My Hair                                   Crosby Stills Nash & Young
  200. Truckin’                                                         Grateful Dead
  201. Everlong                                                        Foo Fighters
  202. Little Wing                                                    Jimi Hendrix Experience
  203. Ride Captain Rid                                         Blues Image
  204. They Don’t Know                                        Kirsty MacColl
  205. Takin’ Care of Business                             Bachman Turner Overdrive
  206. Jailbreak                                                        Thin Lizzy
  207. Sex and Drugs and Rock and Roll           Ian Dury & The Blackheads
  208. Lay Down                                                     Melanie
  209. Riot in Cell Block #9                                   Johnny Winter
  210. Wild Thing                                                    Troggs
  211. Free Bird                                                        Lynyrd Skynyrd
  212. How Soon is Now                                        Smiths
  213. Edie                                                                Cult
  214. I Fought the Law                                         Bobby Fuller Four
  215. Somebody to Love                                     Jefferson Airplane
  216. Tarkus                                                           Emerson, Lake and Palmer
  217. And You And I                                            Yes
  218. Badlands                                                       Bruce Springsteen
  219. Welcome to the Jungle                               Guns ’n’ Roses
  220. In the Ghetto                                                Elvis Presley
  221. Cryin’                                                             Aerosmith
  222. Pablo Picasso                                               Modern Lovers
  223. Ramblin’ Man                                             Allman Brothers
  224. Bittersweet Symphony                               Verve
  225. Great Balls of Fire                                       Jerry Lee Lewis
  226. Next (Aux Suivantes)                             Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  227. Fire and Rain                                                James Taylor
  228. It’s So Easy                                                  Buddy Holly
  229. Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory            Traffic
  230. Then He Kissed Me                                     Crystals
  231. Karma Police                                                Radiohead
  232. Back in the USA                                          Chuck Berry
  233. Rock Around the Clock                             Bill Haley & the Comets
  234. Answering Machine                                    Replacements
  235. Black Metallic                                              Catherine Wheel
  236. After the Goldrush                                       Neil Young
  237. The Pretender                                               Jackson Browne
  238. Tangled Up in Blue                                     Bob Dylan
  239. Submission                                                   Sex Pistols
  240. Johnny Hit and Run Paulene                     X
  241. Touch Me I’m Sick                                     Mudhoney
  242. Fly Like an Eagle                                         Steve Miller Band
  243. Ooh La La                                                    Faces
  244. You Look Good on the Dancefloor         Arctic Monkeys
  245. Sebastian                                                      Cockney Rebel
  246. Black Sabbath                                             Black Sabbath
  247. What is Life                                                  George Harrison
  248. In Shreds                                                       Chameleons
  249. Epitaph                                                          King Crimson
  250. Jackson                                             Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood
  251. Everything’s Alright                                    Mojos
  252. Tom Traubert’s Blues                                 Tom Waits
  253. It’s Alright Ma, I’m Only Bleeding           Bob Dylan
  254. Alternate Title                                              Monkees
  255. Marie and Joe                                              Doctors of Madness
  256. Baby Jump                                                   Mungo Jerry
  257. Heart of Gold                                               Neil Young
  258. Protection                                                      Graham Parker
  259. That’s Entertainment                                 Jam
  260. Rocking in the Free World                         Neil Young
  261. It Might as Well Rain Until September    Carole King
  262. Come Together                                            Beatles
  263. Love Reign O’er Me                                    Who
  264. Losing My Religion                                     REM
  265. Pink Moon                                                    Nick Drake
  266. Cortez the Killer                                           Neil Young
  267. Everything I Own                                        Bread
  268. Waiting for the Sun                                     Doors
  269. Creep                                                             Radiohead
  270. Wonderful Tonight                                      Eric Clapton
  271. Time                                                               Pink Floyd
  272. Night Moves                                                 Bob Seger
  273. You Can Make Me Dance, Sing or Anything    Faces
  274. You’re So Vain                                            Carly Simon
  275. Starting Over                                                John Lennon
  276. Let’s Hang On                                              Four Seasons
  277. Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)       Green Day
  278. My Sweet Lord                                            George Harrison
  279. Isis                                                                  Bob Dylan
  280. A Hard Day’s Night                                    Beatles
  281. Big Eyes                                                        Cheap Trick
  282. I Get Around                                                Beach Boys
  283. Little Queenie                                               Chuck Berry
  284. Powderfinger                                                Neil Young
  285. Hello It’s Me                                                Todd Rundgren
  286. Not Fade Away                                            Buddy Holly
  287. Possession                                                     Sara McLachlan
  288. Everybody Hurst                                         REM
  289. Barbara Ann                                                Beach Boys
  290. Debris                                                             Faces
  291. Hallelujah                                                     Leonard Cohen
  292. Life During Wartime                                   Talking Heads
  293. Why Do Fools Fall in Love                  Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers
  294. Jessica                                                            Allman Brothers
  295. Lady Rachel                                                 Kevin Ayers
  296. The Only Living Boy in New York           Simon & Garfunkel
  297. Three Stars                                                    Eddie Cochran
  298. Devoted to You                                           Everly Brothers
  299. Oh Boy                                                          Buddy Holly
  300. So Long Marianne                                      Leonard Cohen
  301. Suspicious Minds                                         Elvis Presley
  302. Space Truckin’                                             Deep Purple
  303. Paranoid                                                        Black Sabbath
  304. The Carny                                                     Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  305. Roadrunner                                                  Bo Diddley
  306. Jeremy                                                           Pearl Jam
  307. Out Demons Out                                          Edgar Broughton Band
  308. Killer Queen                                                  Queen
  309. Hey Mr. Draftboard                                    David Peel
  310. Bedsitter Images                                          Al Stewart
  311. Shaking All Over                                          Johnny Kidd & The Pirates
  312. The Perfect Drug                                          Nine Inch Nails
  313. My Death                                                      David Bowie
  314. Heroin                                                            Velvet Underground
  315. Doll Parts                                                       Hole
  316. Pleasant Valley Sunday                             Monkees
  317. Born to be Wild                                            Steppenwolf
  318. Venus in Furs                                                Velvet Underground
  319. 24                                                                   Jem
  320. Lady Eleanor                                               Lindisfarne
  321. Who Knows Where the Time Goes          Fairport Convention
  322. Honky Tonk Woman                                 Rolling Stones
  323. Court of the Crimson King                        King Crimson
  324. Tutti Frutti                                                     Little Richard
  325. The Show Must Go On                               Queen
  326. Soho Square                                                 Kirsty MacColl
  327. Total Eclipse of the Heart                          Bonnie Tyler
  328. Don’t Bring Me Down                                Pretty Things
  329. Nite Klub                                                       Specials
  330. 96 Tears                                              Question Mark & The Mysterians
  331. Basket Case                                                 Green Day
  332. Lady Jane                                                     Rolling Stones
  333. Song for Europe                                           Roxy Music
  334. Clocks                                                            Coldplay
  335. A Salty Dog                                                  Procol Harum
  336. Baker Street                                                  Gerry Rafferty
  337. Badge                                                            Cream
  338. Coney Island Baby                                     Lou Reed
  339. For No One                                                   Beatles
  340. Blitzkrieg Bop                                              Ramones
  341. Revolution Blues                                         Neil Young
  342. Ghost of Tom Joad                                     Bruce Springsteen
  343. There Goes a Tenner                                   Kate Bush
  344. Barracuda                                                     Heart
  345. Fairytale of New York                                 Pogues
  346. Johnny Mekon                                             Radio Stars
  347. Maggie May                                                 Rod Stewart
  348. Proud Mary                                            Creedence Clearwater Revival
  349. Soft Wolf                                                      Grant Lee Buffalo
  350. Get Off of My Cloud                                  Rolling Stones
  351. Till the End of the Day                               Kinks
  352. Up the Junction                                            Squeeze
  353. Hold Your Head Up                                  Argent
  354. Winona                                                          Matthew Sweet
  355. Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again Bob Dylan
  356. Days of Pearly Spencer                              David McWilliams
  357. Positively 4th Street                                      Bob Dylan
  358. Funeral Party                                                Cure
  359. Running Up That Hill                                 Kate Bush
  360. Happy Xmas War is Over                          John Lennon
  361. Tales of Brave Ulysses                               Cream
  362. Purple Haze                                                  Jimi Hendrix Experience
  363. Locomotive Breath                                     Jethro Tull
  364. Firth of Fifth                                                 Genesis
  365. Nights in White Satin                                  Moody Blues
  366. Those Were the Days                                  Mary Hopkin
  367. Wake Up Little Susie                                  Everly Brothers
  368. Something Else                                            Eddie Cochran
  369. Chestnut Mare                                             Byrds
  370. Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)   Steve Harley
  371. Amoruese                                                      Kiki Dee
  372. Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door                     Bob Dylan
  373. John I’m Only Dancing                              David Bowie
  374. Alice’s Restaurant                                       Arlo Guthrie
  375. Jumping Jack Flash                                     Rolling Stones
  376. Paradise by the Dashboard Light             Meatloaf
  377. Me and Bobby McGee                               Janis Joplin
  378. Somewhere in Hollywood                          10CC
  379. Dreaming                                                      Blondie
  380. Here There and Everywhere                      Beatles
  381. Madame George                                          Van Morrison
  382. Life in Dark Water                                      Al Stewart
  383. Carol                                                              Chuck Berry
  384. Jailhouse Rock                                             Elvis Presley
  385. Peggy Sue                                                      Buddy Holly
  386. Midnight Rider                                             Greg Allman
  387. Wedding Bell Blues                                     Laura Nyro
  388. Memphis, Tennessee                                  Chuck Berry
  389. Tomorrow Never Knows                            Beatles
  390. Paint It Black                                               Rolling Stones
  391. Crazy On You                                              Heart
  392. Big Bad Moon                                             Joe Satriani
  393. Come Dancing                                             Kinks
  394. White Winter Hymn                                    Fleet Foxes
  395. Mona                                                      Quicksilver Messenger Service
  396. Invisible Sun                                                 Police
  397. Marquee Moon                                            Television
  398. Angie                                                              Rolling Stone
  399. I’m in Love with a German Filmstar       Passions
  400. Rain on the Scarecrow                               John Mellencamp
  401. Ruby                                                              Kaiser Chiefs
  402. Hello I Love You                                         Doors
  403. Born Too Late                                             Poni-Tails
  404. War Pigs                                                        Black Sabbath
  405. This Wheel’s on Fire                Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity
  406. Boxers                                                           Morrisey
  407. You Ain’t Seen Nothing Yet                      BTO
  408. Go Now                                                         Moody Blues
  409. 10:15 Saturday Night                                 Cure
  410. Down in the Boondocks                             Gregory Philips
  411. Universal Soldier                                          Donovan
  412. Bad Things                                                   Jace Everett
  413. Psycho Killer                                                 Talking Heads
  414. C’est La Vie                                                  ELP
  415. You Can’t Put Your Arms Around a Memory Johnny Thunders
  416. Light My Fire                                                Doors
  417. California Girls                                             Beach Boys
  418. Fireball                                                           Deep Purple
  419. Road to Cairo                           Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity
  420. Hey Hey My My                                         Neil Young
  421. Anyone Who Had a Heart                        Cilla Black
  422. My Life                                                         Dido
  423. Black Water                                                 Doobie Brothers
  424. Massachusetts (The Lights Went Out In)   Bee Gees
  425. Ashes to Ashes                                             David Bowie
  426. Nobody’s Fault But Mine                          Led Zeppelin
  427. Showroom Dummies                                  Kraftwerk
  428. News From Spain                                        Al Stewart
  429. Lullaby                                                          Cure
  430. Come As You Are                                       Nirvana
  431. Black Juju                                                     Alice Cooper
  432. We Are the Dead                                         David Bowie
  433. In the Air Tonight                                        Phil Collins
  434. Plaistow Patricia                                          Ian Dury & The Blackhearts
  435. Astronomy Dominie                                   Pink Floyd
  436. Rock Lobster                                                B-52’s
  437. This Flight Tonight                                      Joni Mitchell
  438. Kool Thing                                                    Sonic Youth
  439. I Don’t Want to Talk About It                  Rod Stewart
  440. Chapel of Love                                            Dixie Cups
  441. Self Esteem                                                   Offspring
  442. Sweet Little Rock ’n’ Roller                       Chuck Berry
  443. Black Magic Woman                                 Fleetwood Mac
  444. Girl Don’t Come                                          Sandy Shaw
  445. Meet on the Ledge                                      Fairport Convention
  446. Who Does Lisa Like                                    Rachel Sweet
  447. Rock ’n’ Roll High School                         Ramones
  448. Space Oddity                                                David Bowie
  449. Summer Breeze                                           Seals and Croft
  450. It’s the End of the World As We Know It     REM
  451. How Long                                                     Ace
  452. Where Do You Go to My Lovely             Peter Sarstedt
  453. Too Much to Dream Last Night               Electric Prunes
  454. Jeepster                                                          T-Rex
  455. We’re an American Band                          Grand Funk
  456. It’s My Life                                                  Animals
  457. Under Pressure                                             Queen & David Bowie
  458. A Whiter Shade of Pale                              Procol Harum
  459. Faith Healer                                          Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  460. White Punks on Dope                                 Tubes
  461. Tusk                                                               Fleetwood Mac
  462. Sunny Afternoon                                         Kinks
  463. It’s All Over Now Baby Blue                     Bob Dylan
  464. Hey Lord Don’t Ask Me Questions    Graham Parker & The Rumour
  465. Fifteen Minutes                                            Kirsty MacColl
  466. Bachelor Boy                                               Cliff Richard
  467. It’s My Party                                                Lesley Gore
  468. Alive                                                               Pearl Jam
  469. Subterranean Homesick Blues                 Bob Dylan
  470. Hasten Down the Wind                              Linda Ronstadt
  471. Another Girl Another Planet                      Only Ones
  472. Sara Smile                                                     Hall & Oates
  473. When We Were Fab                                    George Harrison
  474. Dead Man’s Curve                                      Jan and Dean
  475. Jack the Ripper                                            Morrissey
  476. Have You Ever Seen the Rain               Creedence Clearwater Revival
  477. Gold                                                               John Stewart
  478. Dead End Street                                           Kinks
  479. Passion                                                          Rod Stewart
  480. It Doesn’t Matter Anymore                       Buddy Holly
  481. Suzanne                                                        Leonard Cohen
  482. Eve of Destruction                                      Barry McGuire
  483. Down in the Tube Station                          Jam
  484. Berlin                                                             Udo Lindenberg
  485. The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down   Band
  486. Death Disco                                                  Public Image Ltd
  487. (I Don’t Want to Go to) Chelsea          Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  488. I Don’t Like Mondays                                Boomtown Rats
  489. Ghost Town                                                  Specials
  490. Anarchy in the UK                                      Sex Pistols
  491. No Rain                                                         Blind Melon
  492. Promised Land                                             Johnny Allen
  493. Change                                                          Sparks
  494. Johnny Remember Me                               John Leyton
  495. Blind Willie McTell                                      Bob Dylan
  496. White Light White Heat                             Velvet Underground
  497. Song for Guy                                                Elton John
  498. Gimme Some Loving                                  Spencer Davis Group
  499. Little Deuce Coup                                       Beach Boys
  500. Rosalyn                                                         Pretty Things
  501. Spirit of Christmas                                      Steve Ashley
  502. Blockbuster                                                  Sweet
  503. Can’t Get Enough                                       Bad Company
  504. Standing Outside a Broken Phone Booth with Money in my Hand Primitive Radio Gods
  505. Journey from Eden                                     Steve Miller Band
  506. California Dreamin’                                    The Mamas & The Papas
  507. Three Steps to Heaven                               Eddie Cochran
  508. Emma                                                            Hot Chocolate
  509. Criminal World                                            Metro
  510. It’s Only Love                                              Beatles
  511. Wishing Well                                                 Free
  512. Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On                 Jerry Lee Lewis
  513. Wild World                                                    Cat Stevens
  514. Burning of the Midnight Lamp                 Jimi Hendrix Experience
  515. Love Me Tender                                          Elvis Presley
  516. City of New Orleans                                    Arlo Guthrie
  517. Zombie                                                          Cranberries
  518. Zoom Club                                                   Budgie
  519. Parisienne Walkways                                  Gary Moore
  520. Rita Mae                                                       Bob Dylan
  521. Ace of Spades                                              Motorhead
  522. One of These Nights                                    Eagles
  523. Tomahawk Cruise                                       TV Smith
  524. Willin’                                                            Little Feat
  525. Brothers in Arms                                          Dire Straits
  526. Jennifer Juniper                                            Donovan
  527. Berlin                                                             Lou Reed
  528. This is Hardcore                                           Pulp
  529. Pretty in Pink                                                Psychedelic Furs
  530. All I Have to Do is Dream                         Everly Brothers
  531. Rikki Don’t Lose That Number                Steely Dan
  532. Werewolves of London                              Warren Zevon
  533. Porpoise Song                                               Monkees
  534. Metal Guru                                                   T-Rex
  535. Since I’ve Been Loving You                     Led Zeppelin
  536. Hey Joe                                                         Jimi Hendrix Experience
  537. Friday on My Mind                                     Easybeats
  538. Fox on the Run                                            Sweet
  539. Lucille                                                            Little Richard
  540. Virginia Plain                                                Roxy Music
  541. The Weight                                                   Band
  542. Jack and Diane                                            John Mellencamp
  543. Leader of the Gang                                     Gary Glitter
  544. Ever Fallen in Love                                     Buzzcocks
  545. Leader of the Pack                                      Shangri-Las
  546. Radio Activity                                              Kraftwerk
  547. First of May                                                  Bee Gees
  548. Halloween Parade                                       Lou Reed
  549. Rock On David                                            Essex
  550. I’ve Seen All Good People                         Yes
  551. The Witch                                                     Cult
  552. Never Turn Your Back on Mother Earth Sparks
  553. Bat out of Hell                                             Meatloaf
  554. I Don’t Want to Know                                Nils Lofgren
  555. Pride (In the Name of Love)                     U2
  556. I Want to Kill You                                       David Peel
  557. The Air That I Breathe                               Hollies
  558. Young Americans                                        David Bowie
  559. Muswell Hillbillies                                        Kinks
  560. Dance Me to the End of Love                  Leonard Cohen
  561. Andmoreagain                                             Love
  562. Woodstock                                                   Joni Mitchell
  563. Folk Song                                                      Jack Bruce
  564. Maybe Baby                                                Buddy Holly
  565. Glory Box                                                     Portishead
  566. 16 Again                                                        Buzzcocks
  567. Money                                                           Pink Floyd
  568. Immigrant Song                                           Led Zeppelin
  569. The Wind Cries Mary                                 Jimi Hendrix Experience
  570. Iron Man                                                       Black Sabbath
  571. Blackberry Way                                          Move
  572. Oliver’s Army                                         Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  573. Californication                                             Red Hot Chili Peppers
  574. Walk Away Renee                                      Left Banke
  575. For Your Love                                              Yardbirds
  576. We Gotta Get Out of This Place               Animals
  577. Apache                                                          Shadows
  578. Village Green                                                Kinks
  579. Roundabout                                                 Yes
  580. Brass in Pocket                                            Pretenders
  581. All Shook Up                                                Elvis Presley
  582. The Sounds of Silence                                Simon & Garfunkel
  583. Hippy Hippy Shake                                    Swinging Blue Jeans
  584. Matchstalk Men and Matchstick Cats and Dogs Brian & Michael
  585. I Want You, I Need You, I Love You     Elvis Presley
  586. Hello Spaceboy                                           David Bowie
  587. Sharp Dressed Man                                     ZZ Top
  588. I Hate Banks                                                Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper
  589. Cathy’s Clown                                             Everly Brothers
  590. Rubber Bullets                                             10CC
  591. Expecting to Fly                                           Buffalo Springfield
  592. God Save the Queen                                   Sex Pistols
  593. To Know Him is to Love Him                   Teddy Bears
  594. Big Yellow Taxi                                           Joni Mitchell
  595. Blue Jean Bop                                          Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  596. Girls and Boys                                              Blur
  597. Elenore                                                          Turtles
  598. Red Right Hand                                           Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  599. Johnny B. Goode                                         Chuck Berry
  600. High and Dry                                                Radiohead
  601. Sunday Bloody Sunday                             U2
  602. My White Bicycle                                        Nazareth
  603. Excerpt from a Teenaged Opera              Keith West
  604. Bo Diddley                                                    Bo Diddley
  605. Ebony Eyes                                                  Everly Brothers
  606. Glad All Over                                                Dave Clark 5
  607. Speedway                                                     Morrissey
  608. Harvest Moon                                              Neil Young
  609. Dancing Barefoot                                        Patti Smith Group
  610. Police Car                                                      Larry Wallis
  611. America                                                         Nice
  612. Mr. Soul                                                         Buffalo Springfield
  613. Hurt                                                                Nine Inch Nails
  614. Stay with Me                                                Faces
  615. Pipeline                                                          Chantays
  616. For You                                                         Judy Tzuke
  617. Young Turks                                                 Rod Stewart
  618. Sheep                                                             Pink Floyd
  619. I Walked with a Zombie                            Roky Erickson
  620. Nineteenth Nervous Breakdown              Rolling Stones
  621. Silhouettes                                                    Herman’s Hermits
  622. Starman                                                        David Bowie
  623. A Touch of Grey                                          Grateful Dead
  624. Happy Together                                          Turtles
  625. Search and Destroy                                     Stooges
  626. New Ways Are Best                                    TV Smith
  627. The Jack                                                        AC/DC
  628. Trouble Coming Every Day                      Mothers of Invention
  629. Sweet Child of Mine                                   Guns ’n’ Roses
  630. Moonage Daydream                                  David Bowie
  631. Kiss Me on a Bus                                         Replacements
  632. Achilles Last Stand                                     Led Zeppelin
  633. Peaches                                                         Stranglers
  634. Here Comes the Night                                Them
  635. Love Will Tear us Apart                             Joy Division
  636. I Can’t Explain                                            Who
  637. Je T’aime                                                Serge Gainsbourg & Jane Birken
  638. Starless                                                          King Crimson
  639. Veronika                                                       Tricky
  640. Reward                                                          Teardrop Explodes
  641. AC/DC                                                           Sweet
  642. Sonic Reducer                                              Dead Boys
  643. Hypnotized                                                   Fleetwood Mac
  644. Dead Leaves & The Dirty Ground           White Stripes
  645. In a Gadda Da Vida                                   Iron Butterfly
  646. Roxette                                                          Dr. Feelgood
  647. Eight Days a Week                                      Beatles
  648. Memory Motel                                             Rolling Stones
  649. Cincinnati Fatback                                      Roogalator
  650. Volunteers                                                     Jefferson Airplane
  651. Blinded by the Light                                   Bruce Springsteen
  652. I Wanna Be Sedated                                  Ramones
  653. The State that I Am In                               Belle and Sebastian
  654. Tupelo                                                           Nice Cave & The Bad Seeds
  655. Vincent                                                          Don McLean
  656. California Uber Alles                                  Dead Kennedys
  657. Eastbourne Ladies                                      Kevin Coyne
  658. 1984                                                               Spirit
  659. The End                                                         Doors
  660. Saturday Gigs                                               Mott the Hoople
  661. Haitian Divorce                                           Steely Dan
  662. Centerfield                                                    John Fogerty
  663. Sweet Home Alabama                               Lynyrd Skynyrd
  664. Daydream                                                     Lovin’ Spoonful
  665. First We Take Manhattan                         Leonard Cohen
  666. Song to Comus                                            Comus
  667. Rooster                                                          Alice in Chains
  668. Perfect Day                                                   Lou Reed
  669. It Don’t Come Easy                                    Ringo Starr
  670. Flash                                                              Queen
  671. SWLABR                                                      Cream
  672. 2000 Light Years From Home                  Rolling Stones
  673. Capital Radio                                               Clash
  674. Ballroom Blitz                                              Sweet
  675. Run Run Run                                               Jo Jo Gunne
  676. Melissa                                                          Allman Brothers
  677. I Am a Rock                                                 Simon & Garfunkel
  678. Let’s Make the Water Turn Black           Mothers of Invention
  679. China Girl                                                      Iggy Pop
  680. Death Is Not the End                                  Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds
  681. Shots                                                              Neil Young
  682. Overnight Sensation                                    Raspberries
  683. Cygnet Committee                                      David Bowie
  684. New Age                                                        Velvet Underground
  685. No Fun                                                           Stooges
  686. The Last Resort                                           Eagles
  687. Itchycoo Park                                              Small Forces
  688. Rat Trap                                                        Boomtown Rats
  689. Moondance                                                  Van Morrison
  690. White Riot                                                     Clash
  691. Band on the Run                                         Paul McCartney & Wings
  692. Ballad of John and Yoko                          Beatles
  693. 24 Hours from Tulsa                                  Gene Pitney
  694. Andy Warhol                                                David Bowie
  695. I Feel Like I’m Fixing to Die Rag             Country Joe & The Fish
  696. Are Friends Electric                                     Tubeway Army
  697. Say Hello Wave Goodbye                         Soft Cell
  698. Saturday Night                                             Bay City Rollers
  699. Rebellion                                                       Arcade Fire
  700. Needles and Pins                                          Searches
  701. August Day                                                   Hall and Oates
  702. Hold the Line                                               Toto
  703. Abacab                                                          Genesis
  704. Where Have all the Good Times Gone    Kinks
  705. Da Doo Ron Ron                                         Crystals
  706. Telstar                                                            Ronadoes
  707. Fell in Love with a Girl                                White Stripes
  708. A Lover’s Concerto                                     Toys
  709. The Only Living Boy in New Cross          Carter USM
  710. Sheena Is a Punk Rocker                           Ramones
  711. Mad Eyed Screamer                                   Creatures
  712. Devil Woman                                               Cliff Richard
  713. Strange Brew                                                Cream
  714. Play with Fire                                                Rolling Stones
  715. When Will I Be Loved                                Everly Brothers
  716. Broken English                                             Marianne Faithfull
  717. Move It                                                         Cliff Richard
  718. Alone Again Or                                            Love
  719. Alley Oop                                                      Hollywood Argyles
  720. Deuce                                                             Kiss
  721. To Bring You My Love                              PJ Harvey
  722. Cherry Bomb                                               Runaways
  723. Two Princes                                                  Spin Doctors
  724. Maybe                                                           Chantels
  725. Living Next Door to Alice                          Smokey
  726. Brown Sugar                                                 Rolling Stones
  727. Jane Says                                                      Jane’s Addiction
  728. Surf’s Up                                                       Beach Boys
  729. I’m Going Home                                         Ten Years After
  730. The Joker                                                      Steve Miller Band
  731. Atomic                                                           Blondie
  732. Plush                                                              Stone Temple Pilots
  733. Arizona                                                          Alejandro Escoveda
  734. Master of the Universe                               Hawkwind
  735. I Wanna Be Your Dog                                Stooges
  736. Going Up the Country                                Canned Heat
  737. All Apologies                                                Nirvana
  738. C Moon                                                         Wings
  739. Hole in My shoe                                          Traffic
  740. Deal                                                                Grateful Dead
  741. The River                                                      Bruce Springsteen
  742. Carry On My Wayward Son                     Kansas
  743. Love Will Come Through                           Travis
  744. Presence of the Lord                                   Blind Faith
  745. Piece of My Heart                        Big Brother & The Holding Company
  746. Hell is Round the Corner                            Tricky
  747. Aqualung                                                      Jethro Tull
  748. Indian Reservation                                     Paul Revere & The Raiders
  749. Spinning Wheel                                            Blood, Sweat and Tears
  750. Radio Free Europe                                      REM
  751. Lovecats                                                       Cure
  752. Queen B*tch                                                David Bowie
  753. This Corrosion                                              Sisters of Mercy
  754. Ciao                                                               Lush
  755. Terry                                                              Twinkle
  756. Lake of Fire                                                  Meat Puppets
  757. Jump                                                              Van Halen
  758. Pictures of Lilo                                             Who
  759. Route 66                                                       Depeche Mode
  760. Metal Postcard                                             Siouxsie & The Banshees
  761. Coz I Luv You                                             Slade
  762. I Got You Babe                                           Sonny and Cher
  763. Sweeter Memories                                       Todd Rundgren
  764. 20 Flight Rock                                              Eddie Cochran
  765. I’m Ready                                                    Fats Domino
  766. Ruby Tuesday                                             Rolling Stones
  767. Lola                                                                Kinks
  768. Lithium                                                          Nirvana
  769. When the Sun Goes Down                         Arctic Monkeys
  770. Everyday                                                      Buddy Holly
  771. What’d I Say?                                              Ray Charles
  772. Killing Moon                                                 Echo & The Bunnymen
  773. Something in the Air                                   Thunderclap Newman
  774. For What It’s Worth                                    Buffalo Springfield
  775. Mrs. Robinson                                              Simon & Garfunkel
  776. San Francisco Nights                                  Eric Burdon & The Animals
  777. She Sells Sanctuary                                     Cult
  778. Shattered                                                       Rolling Stones
  779. Gloria                                                             Patti Smith Group
  780. Radio Radio                                            Elvis Costello & The Attractions
  781. Mississippi Queen                                        Mountain
  782. Boys and Girls                                              Bryan Ferry
  783. Green Manalishi                                          Fleetwood Mac
  784. Monkberry Moon Delight                            Paul McCartney
  785. Stoned Soul Picnic                                       Laura Nyro
  786. A Hard Rain’s A-Gonna Fall                     Bob Dylan
  787. Jesus of Suburbia                                        Green Day
  788. Love is Like Oxygen                                   Sweet
  789. Homeward Bound                                      Simon & Garfunkel
  790. Pinball Wizard                                              Who
  791. Close Watch                                                 John Cole
  792. Reconnez Cherie                                         Wreckless Eric
  793. Jet                                                                   Paul McCartney & Wings
  794. The Rocker                                                   AC/DC
  795. Trans-Europe Express                                Kraftwerk
  796. It’s Different for Girls                                 Joe Jackson
  797. Song to the Siren                                          Tim Buckley
  798. Crystallised                                                   XX
  799. Nature’s Way                                               Spirit
  800. A Certain Girl                                               Yardbirds
  801. Lost Cause                                                    Beck
  802. Termination                                                  Iron Butterfly
  803. Wear Your Love Like Heaven                  Donovan
  804. Kiss on the Lips                                            Joan Jett
  805. Walk Don’t Run                                          Ventures
  806. Soul Sacrifice                                               Santana
  807. Whole Lotta Love                                       Led Zeppelin
  808. Dark End of the Street                                Linda Ronstadt
  809. Under the Bridge                                         Red Hot Chili Peppers
  810. Because the Night                                       Patti Smith Group
  811. Delilah                                                           Tom Jones
  812. Don’t Forget to Dance                                Kinks
  813. Morning Glory                                              Tim Buckley
  814. I’m a Man                                                    Bo Diddley
  815. Madman Across the Water                       Elton John
  816. Breakdown                                           Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  817. Seether                                                         Veruca Salt
  818. Louie Louie                                                  Kingsmen
  819. Caring Is Creepy                                          Shins
  820. Holiday on the Moon                                 Love and Rockets
  821. Angeline                                                        Faithless
  822. Alcohol                                                          Kinks
  823. Tobacco Road                                             Nashville Teens
  824. Monkey Gone to Heaven                          Pixies
  825. Back Street Girl                                            Rolling Stones
  826. Do the Strand                                               Roxy Music
  827. The Girl Can’t Help It                                 Little Richard
  828. Pack Up Your Sorrows                               Richard and Mimi Farina
  829. I Just Wanna Make Love to You             Rolling Stones
  830. Sunburn                                                         Muse
  831. Star                                                                 Stealers Wheel
  832. Everyone Says Hi                                        David Bowie
  833. Pandora’s Box                                             Procul Harum
  834. The Carnival Is Over                                  Seekers
  835. No Regrets                                                    Walker Brothers
  836. Stand by Me                                                 John Lennon
  837. Without You                                                 Nilsson
  838. Time of the Season                                     Zombies
  839. Willie & The Hand Jive                              Eric Clapton
  840. Eminence Front                                           Who
  841. Remember Walking in the Sand               Shangri-Las
  842. Love Is the Drug                                          Roxy Music
  843. Amos Moses                                            Sensational Alex Harvey Band
  844. Suffocate                                                      Green Day
  845. Nantucket Sleighride                                   Mountain
  846. Life’s a Gas                                                  T-Rex
  847. Surf City                                                        Jan and Dean
  848. Black Heart                                                  Marc & The Mambas
  849. Strange Kind of Woman                            Deep Purple
  850. La Grange                                                     ZZ Top
  851. Reno, Nevada                                              Richard and Mimi Farina
  852. Bullet with Butterfly Wings                       Smashing Pumpkins
  853. Big Black Smoke                                         Kinks
  854. Do Wah Diddy Diddy                                 Manfred Mann
  855. Hurricane                                                      Bob Dylan
  856. St. Petersburg                                                Robyn Hitchcock
  857. Wrecking Ball                                               Emmylou Harris
  858. Sister Morphine                                            Rolling Stones
  859. London Boys                                               David Bowie
  860. You Can’t Judge a Book by Its Cover    Bo Diddley
  861. Walking on Thin Ice                                   Yoko Ono
  862. When We Meet Again                                Nicole Reynolds
  863. The High Road                                            Broken Bells
  864. A Night In                                                     Tindersticks
  865. SOS                                                                ABBA
  866. Lalena                                                           Donovan
  867. Second Skin                                                  Gits
  868. No Milk Today                                            Herman’s Hermits
  869. Opal                                                               Syd Barrett
  870. Ohio                                                          Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young
  871. House of Fun                                               Madness
  872. Do You Realize                                            Flaming Lips
  873. Straight to Hell                                             Clash
  874. All the Things She Said                               Tatu
  875. Rave On                                                        Buddy Holly
  876. Come Back                                                  Mighty Wah!
  877. Ballad of Easy Rider                                  Byrds
  878. Tired of Waiting For You                           Kinks
  879. Crazy                                                             Gnarls Barkley
  880. Brand New Cadillac                                    Vince Taylor
  881. Radar Love                                                  Golden Earring
  882. Refugee                                                 Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
  883. Freshmen                                                      Verve Pipe
  884. Whole Wide World                                      Wreckless Eric
  885. 50 Ways to Leave                                       Paul Simon
  886. Old Wild Men                                               10CC
  887. Child in Time                                                Deep Purple
  888. Back On the Chaingang                             Pretenders
  889. Desire                                                             U2
  890. Panic                                                              Smiths
  891. Kick Out the Jams                                       MC5
  892. Far Far Away                                               Slade
  893. Southern Pacific                                          Neil Young
  894. Silver Machine                                             Hawkwind
  895. Drag                                                               Low
  896. Communication Breakdown                    Led Zeppelin
  897. Helen Wheels                                               Paul McCartney & Wings
  898. No-One Knows                                             Queens of the Stone Age
  899. Golden Age of Rock ’n’ Roll                     Mott the Hoople
  900. Jenny Was a Friend of Mine                     Killers
  901. Maybe I’m Amazed                                   Paul McCartney
  902. Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner Warren Zevon
  903. Tush                                                               ZZ Top
  904. I Can Never Go Home Anymore             Shangri-Las
  905. Whipping Post                                              Allman Brothers
  906. The Jean Genie                                            David Bowie
  907. I Want to See the Bright Lights                 Richard Thompson
  908. Blank Generation                                        Richard Hell
  909. Ferry Cross the Mersey                               Gerry & The Pacemakers
  910. Runaway Train                                            Soul Asylum
  911. King of the Rumbling Spires                      Tyrannosaurus Rex
  912. Bye Bye Johnny                                          Chuck Berry
  913. One Headlight                                              Wallflowers
  914. Stoney End                                                   Laura Nyro
  915. Buddy Holly                                                 Weezer
  916. Nowadays Clancy Can’t Even Sing        Buffalo Springfield
  917. Story of the Blues                                        Wah!
  918. Adam Raised a Cain                                  Bruce Springsteen
  919. God Gave Rock ’n’ Roll to You               Argent
  920. Magic Man                                                   Heart
  921. Oxford Comma                                           Vampire Weekend
  922. Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap                    AC/DC
  923. On the Radio                                                Cheap Trick
  924. Alone Again Naturally                                Gilbert O’Sullivan
  925. Another Brick in the Wall                          Pink Floyd
  926. Fire                                                             Crazy World of Arthur Brown
  927. Tell Laura I Love Her                                 Ricky Valance
  928. Here’s Where the Story Ends                    Sundays
  929. Brand New Key                                           Melanie
  930. Duncan                                                          Paul Simon
  931. I’m a Boy                                                     Who
  932. Take the Money and Run                         Steve Miller Band
  933. Ballrooms and Mars                                   T-Rex
  934. When Do I Get To Sing “My Way”?       Sparks
  935. Tunnel of Love                                            Fun Boy Three
  936. Your Woman                                               White Town
  937. Merry Xmas Everybody                            Slade
  938. July Flame                                                    Laura Veirs
  939. New Year’s Day                                           U2
  940. If You Go Away                                          Marc & The Mambas
  941. Political World                                              Bob Dylan
  942. As Tears Go By                                            Marianne Faithfull
  943. TV Eye                                                          Stooges
  944. Seven Nation Army                                    White Stripes
  945. Hound Dog                                                   Elvis Presley
  946. You Wear It Well                                         Rod Stewart
  947. Hey Nineteen                                               Steely Dan
  948. Talking Airplane Disaster Blues                Phil Ochs
  949. This Town Ain’t Big Enough For Both of Us Sparks
  950. My Hero                                                        Foo Fighters
  951. Race with the Devil                                 Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  952. Prince Charming                                          Adam & The Ants
  953. Sex and Candy                                            Marcy Playground
  954. Love U More                                                Sunscreen
  955. Sylvia                                                             Focus
  956. Conquistador                                               Procul Harum
  957. Fun Fun Fun                                                 Beach Boys
  958. Loaded                                                          Primal Scream
  959. On the Beach                                               Neil Young
  960. Blowing in the Wind                                    Bob Dylan
  961. Kodachrome                                                Paul Simon
  962. Vienna                                                           Ultravox
  963. Love and a Molotov Cocktail                  Flys
  964. Garden Party                                                Ricky Nelson
  965. Crying in the Rain                                       Everly Brothers
  966. Boy in the Bubble                                       Paul Simon
  967. Everyday is Halloween                              Ministry
  968. The French Song                                          Joan Jett
  969. Worcester City                                             Eliza Carthy
  970. Dance to the Bop                                    Gene Vincent & His Blue Caps
  971. Get It On                                                       T-Rex
  972. Radio Radio Radio                                     Rancid
  973. Samba Pa Ti                                                 Santana
  974. End of the World                                         Skeeter Davis
  975. Fade Into You                                              Mazzy Star
  976. July Morning                                                Uriah Heep
  977. In Bloom                                                       Nirvana
  978. Rowche Rumble                                          Fall
  979. I Wish You Would                                       Yardbirds
  980. Good Morning Little Schoolgirl                Yardbirds
  981. ME-262                                                         Blue Oyster Cult
  982. Paraffin                                                         Ruby
  983. I Guess That’s Why They Call it the Blues Elton John
  984. Ex-Girlfriend                                                 No Doubt
  985. March of the Black Queen                        Queen
  986. Rock ’n’ Roll Suicide                                  David Bowie
  987. In the Summertime                                     Mungo Jerry
  988. Rock the Casbah                                         Clash
  989. Megalomania                                               Black Sabbath
  990. Carrie                                                             Cliff Richard
  991. Dope Show                                                   Marilyn Manson
  992. Shipbuilding                                                  Robert Wyatt
  993. Semaphore Signals                                     Wreckless Eric
  994. Mandolin Wind                                         Rod Stewart
  995. Jackie                                                             Scott Walker
  996. Shake Your Money Maker                        Fleetwood Mac
  997. Granny Takes a Trip                                   Purple Gang
  998. Indian Summer                                            Doors
  999. Jive Talking                                                  Bee Gees
  1000. Telephone Line                                           Electric Light Orchestra

As I said, I don’t have my identity wrapped up in this list, so if you disagree vehemently about anything, I’m sure I do, too.  (No Men at Work?  No Collective Soul?  No “With or Without You”? Rubbish.)  I don’t consider this list authoritative in any possible sense, but I have found it has told me of artists and songs I’ve never heard of, and even if I don’t treasure them like this fellow does, the experiences outside my rather diminutive personal preference bubble have been good for me.  Thus I’m not saying I am recommending all these songs to you, certainly with far less certainty than Mr. Adler’s list of books, but we have never been ones to shy away from ideas in any medium (other than those obviously crazy ones, of course, like skydiving), so what do you say?  Will you take the 1,000 song challenge?  I apologize for the goofy WordPress spacing, which I couldn’t really adjust for all 1,000 entries. Feel free to download this and turn it into your own checklist.

As of this writing I’m a whopping 1% finished, not counting the songs I’ve already heard before discovering this list.  Slow progress, but progress nonetheless.  I’m sure we shall revisit this list in the future as I travel further along it.  As always, we’d love to hear from you about this list, your list, or practically anything at all.  Cheers!

Work Cited

Thompson, Dave. 1000 Songs that Rock Your World. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. 2011. Print.

The Great (and Good) Books

Mortimer Adler

“A list of books should not be regarded as a challenge which you can meet only by finishing every item on it.  It should be regarded as an invitation which you can accept graciously by beginning wherever you feel most at home.” – Mortimer Adler

The late great Mortimer J. Adler, of whom I’m proud to be the most ardent living support, in likely his most popular yet least rightly understood book, How to Read a Book, concludes with an impressive litany of the Great Books, dolloped with a smattering (or smattered with a dolloping if you prefer) with a smaller list of (for him) contemporary Good Books that hadn’t existed long enough to fully warrant a place on the Great Books list.  As he himself noted in the excerpt above, while he encourages us to read them chronologically, he is perfectly fine with us not reading the entire list, for the key is reading books well, not just widely reading poorly (quality, not quantity as we put it).  The Great Books he recommends are listed numerically in mainly chronological order; the Good Books are enumerated second; the individual works indicated “especially” are Mr. Adler’s recommendations.  Mr. Adler originally included publishers and series that made these works available in his day, but as most of those publishers and series are long out of print, we’ll just ignore that part.

The Great Books

  1. Homer
    • Iliad
    • Odyssey
  2. The Old Testament
  3. Aeschylus
    • Tragedies (esp. House of Atreus, Prometheus Bound)
  4. Sophocles
    • Tragedies (esp. Oedipus the King, Antigone, Electra)
  5. Euripides
    • Tragedies (esp. Medea, Electra, Hippolytus, Bacchae)
  6. Herodotus
    • History (of the Persian Wars)
  7. Thucydides
    • History of the Peloponnesian War
  8. Hippocrates
    • Collections of Medical Writing
  9. Aristophanes
    • Comedies (esp. Lysistrata, Clouds, Birds, Frogs)
  10. Plato
    • Dialogues (esp. Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Lysis, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Cratylus, Sophist, Philebus, Theaetetus, Parmenides)
  11. Aristotle
    • Works (esp. Organon, Physics, Metaphysics, De Anima, Ethics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics)
  12. Euclid
    • Elements of Geometry
  13. Cicero
    • Orations
    • Republic
    • Laws
    • Tusculan Disputations
    • Offices
  14. Lucretius
    • Of the Nature of Things
  15. Virgil
    • Aeneid
  16. Horace
    • Odes and Epodes
    • The Art of Poetry
  17. Livy
    • History of Rome
  18. Ovid
    • Metamorphoses
  19. Quintillian
    • Institutes of Oratory
  20. Plutarch
    • Lives
  21. Tacitus
    • Dialogue on Oratory
    • Germania
  22. Nicomachus
    • Introduction to Arithmetic
  23. Epictetus
    • Discourses
  24. Lucian
    • Works (esp. The Way to Write History, The True History, Alexander the Oracle Monger, Charon, The Sale of Lives, The Fisherman, Dialogues of the Gods, Dialogues of the Sea-Gods, Dialogues of the Dead)
  25. Marcus Aurelius
    • Meditations
  26. Galen
    • Of the Natural Faculties
  27. The New Testament
  28. St. Augustine
    • Of the Teacher
    • Confessions
    • City of God
  29. Volsunga Saga (Nibelungenlied)
  30. Song of Roland
  31. Burnt Njal (Icelandic saga)
  32. Maimonides
    • Guide for the Perplexed
  33. St. Thomas Aquinas
    • Of Being and Essence
    • Summa Contra Gentiles
    • Of the Governance of Rulers
    • Summa Theologica
    • Selected Writings
  34. Dante
    • The Divine Comedy
  35. Chaucer
    • The Canterbury Tales
  36. Thomas à Kempis
    • Of the Imitation of Christ
  37. Leonardo da Vinci
    • Notebooks
  38. Machiavelli
    • The Prince
  39. Erasmus
    • The Praise of Folly
    • Colloquies
  40. St. Thomas More
    • Utopia
  41. Rabelais
    • Gargantua and Pantagruel
  42. Calvin
    • Institutes of the Christian Religion
  43. Montaigne
    • Essays (esp. Of the Education of Children, Of Friendship, Of Cannibals, Of Solitude, Of Experience, Of Moderation, Of Books, Of Custom Upon Some Verses of Virgil, Apology for Raymond de Sebond)
  44. Cervantes
    • Don Quixote
  45. Edmund Spenser
    • The Faerie Queene
  46. Francis Bacon
    • The Advancement of Learning
    • The Novum Organum
    • The New Atlantis
  47. Shakespeare
    • Plays
  48. Galileo
    • Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
  49. Harvey
    • On the Motion of the Heart
  50. Grotius
    • The Law of War and Peace
  51. Hobbes
    • Elements of Philosophy
    • Leviathan
  52. Descartes
    • A Discourse on Method
    • Geometry
    • Principles of Philosophy
    • The Passions of the Soul
  53. Corneille
    • Tragedies (esp. The Cid, Cinna)
  54. Milton
    • Areopagitica
    • Paradise Lost
    • Samson Agonistes
  55. Molière
    • Comedies (esp. The Miser, The School for Wives, The Misanthrope, Tartuffe, Tradesman Turned Gentleman, The Imaginary Invalid, The Affected Ladies)
  56. Boyle
    • The Sceptical Chymist
  57. Spinoza
    • Political Treatises
    • Ethics
  58. Locke
    • Letter Concerning Toleration
    • Two Treatises of Civil Government
    • Essays Concerning Human Understanding
    • Some Thoughts Concerning Education
  59. Racine
    • Tragedies (esp. Andromache, Athaliah)
  60. Newton
    • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
    • Opticks
  61. Leibnitz
    • Discourse on Metaphysica
    • New Essays Concerning Human Understanding
    • Monadology
  62. Defoe
    • Robinson Crusoe
    • Moll Flanders
  63. Swift
    • Battle of the Books
    • Tale of a Tub
    • Journal to Stella
    • Gulliver’s Travels
  64. Montesquieu
    • Persian Letters
    • Spirit of Laws
  65. Voltaire
    • Candide
    • Philosophical Dictionary
    • Toleration
  66. Berkeley
    • A New Theory of Vision
    • The Principles of Human Knowledge
  67. Fielding
    • Joseph Andrews
    • Tom Jones
  68. Hume
    • A Treatise of Human Nature
    • Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
    • History of England
  69. Rousseau
    • Émile
    • The Social Contract
    • Confessions
  70. Sterne
    • Tristram Shandy
  71. Adam Smith
    • The Theory of Moral Sentiments
    • The Wealth of Nations
  72. Blackstone
    • Commentaries on the Laws of England
  73. Kant
    • Critique of Pure Reason
    • Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics
    • Critique of Practical Reason
    • Critique of Judgment
  74. Gibbon
    • The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
  75. Stendhal
    • The Red and the Black
  76. The Federalist Papers (along with The Articles of Confederation, The Constitution of the United States, and The Declaration of Independence)
  77. Bentham
    • Comment on the Commentaries
    • Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
  78. Goethe
    • Faust
    • Poetry and Truth
  79. Ricardo
    • The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
  80. Malthus
    • Essay on the Principles of Population
  81. Dalton
    • A New System of Chemical Philosophy
  82. Hegel
    • Phenomenology of Spirit
    • Science of Logic
    • Philosophy of Right
    • Philosophy of History
  83. Guizot
    • History of Civilization in Europe
  84. Faraday
    • Experimental Researches in Electricity
  85. Lobachevski
    • Theory of Parallels
  86. Comte
    • General View of Positivism
  87. Balzac
    • Works (esp. Le Père Goriot, Cousin Pons, Eugénie Grandet, Cousin Betty, César Birotteau)
  88. Lyell
    • The Antiquity of Man
  89. J. S. Mill
    • System of Logic
    • Principles of Political Economy
    • On Liberty
    • Of Representative Government
    • Utilitarianism
    • Autobiography
  90. Darwin
    • The Origin of Species
  91. Thackerey
    • Works (esp. Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, The Virginians, Pendennis)
  92. Dickens
    • Works (esp. Pickwick Papers, Our Mutual Friend, David Copperfield, Dombey and Son, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities)
  93. Claude Bernard
    • Introduction to Experimental Medicine
  94. Boole
    • Laws of Thought
  95. Marx
    • Capital (along with The Communist Manifesto)
  96. Melville
    • Typee
    • Moby Dick
  97. Dostoevski
    • Crime and Punishment
    • The Idiot
    • The Brothers Karamazov
  98. Buckle
    • A History of Civilization in England
  99. Flaubert
    • Madame Bovary
  100. Galton
    • Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
  101. Riemann
    • The Hypotheses of Geometry
  102. Ibsen
    • Plays (esp. Peer Gynt, Brand, Hedda Gabler, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll’s House, The Wild Duck, The Master Builder)
  103. Tolstoi
    • War and Peace
    • Anna Karenina
    • What is Art?
  104. Dedekind
    • Theory of Numbers
  105. Wundt
    • Physiological Psychology
    • Outline of Psychology
  106. Mark Twain
    • Innocents Abroad
    • Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
    • A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
  107. Henry Adams
    • History of the United States
    • Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres
    • The Education of Henry Adams
    • Degradation of the Democratic Dogma
  108. Charles Peirce
    • Chance, Love, and Logic
    • Collected Papers
  109. William Sumner
    • Folkways
  110. Oliver Wendell Holmes
    • The Common Law
    • Collected Legal Papers
  111. William James
    • Principles of Psychology
    • The Varieties of Religious Experience
    • Pragmatism
    • A Pluralistic Universe
    • Essays in Radical Empiricism
  112. Nietzsche
    • Thus Spoke Zarathustra
    • Beyond Good and Evil
    • The Genealogy of Morals
    • The Will to Power
  113. Georg Cantor
    • Transfinite Numbers

  1. Pavlov
    • Conditioned Reflexes
  2. Poincaré
    • The Foundations of Science
  3. Freud
    • Three Contributions to a Theory of Sex
    • Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
    • Beyond the Pleasure Principle
    • Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
    • The Ego and the Id
    • Civilization and Its Discontents
  4. Thorstein Veblen
    • The Theory of the Leisure Class
    • The Higher Learning in America
    • The Place of Science in Modern Civilization
    • Vested Interests and the State of Industrial Arts
    • Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times
  5. Lenin
    • Imperialism
  6. Proust
    • Remembrance of Things Past
  7. G. B. Shaw
    • Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant
    • Man and Superman
    • Androcles and the Lion
  8. Boas
    • The Mind of Primitive Man
    • Anthropology and Modern Life
  9. Dewey
    • How We Think
    • Democracy and Education
    • Experience and Nature
    • The Quest for Certainty
    • Logic
  10. Bergson
    • Time and Free Will
    • Matter and Memory
    • Creative Evolution
    • Two Sources of Morality and Religion
  11. Whitehead
    • A Treatise on Universal Algebra
    • An Introduction to Mathematics
    • Science and the Modern World
    • Process and Reality
    • Adventures of Ideas
  12. Santayana
    • Scepticism and Animal Faith
    • Realm of Essence
    • Realm of Matter
    • Realm of Truth
  13. Russell
    • Principles of Mathematics
  14. Thomas Mann
    • The Magic Mountain
    • Joseph in Egypt
  15. Einstein
    • The Theory of Relativity
    • Sidelights on Relativity
    • Adventure of Scientific Thought
  16. Trotsky
    • The History of the Russian Revolution
  17. Joyce
    • Ulysses
  18. Maritain
    • Art and Scholasticism
    • Degrees of Knowledge
    • Freedom in the Modern World
    • True Humanism

Hot diggity, I’m excited just looking at those lists.  I hesitate to tell you how many (few) of these I’ve read so far.  People seem to think English teachers have read all the books in the world (strange how they never assume mathematics teachers have counted every number in the world).  I’ll be content (so far) with saying I’ve heard of almost all of the authors Mr. Adler recommends.  Of course, then come all the authors after World War 2….  Better get started on these.

If you need a break from reading, and sure we all do once in a while, turn the page for another list of sensory experiences that may tickle your fancy, as the kids say.

Forgotten Gems: Business as Usual

Christopher Rush

Man at Play

Of all the albums we’ve explored in the Forgotten Gems series (and its ill-defined offshoot Overlooked Gems), Business as Usual by Men at Work is likely the album I’ve least listened to.  One of them had to be, statistically, so that’s not a big deal, but it is significant enough for me to mention it.  I’ve had it for some time, though I certainly did not listen to it when it immediately came out (like some albums we’ve explored) though mainly because I was one year old at the time.  When the series was first conceived, I knew immediately the entire lineup of albums I wanted to explore, which we did in our initial run before our hiatus.  Now, though, as we have the time to luxuriate in whatever fancy comes our way, I have noticed my listening habits, while not necessarily “expanded,” have broadened enough to focus on the peripheral music of my youth, giving it more due attention now as I am slightly more mature than I was when such music first entered my awareness.  Boy, that was a complicated sentence.  The point of which is to say I have been listening to this album acutely lately, and I have been favorably impressed by it, especially as it is timely for us even thirty-five years on.

Side One

I am using the LP designation here not because I own it but simply for ease of reference.  I own the remastered 2003 compact disc release with bonus tracks.  Such is one convenient feature of coming late to an album such as this: nice bonus tracks (though we will leave the argument of digital sound quality versus vinyl quality sound alone for now).

“Who Can It Be Now?” is one of the two songs you likely remember from this album and the group, even if you don’t immediately recall the band name or album title (or even, like me, the names of the band members).  One of the driving forces of this series has been “the entire album is good, not just the famous tracks,” and while that is certainly true here for this album, let’s not overlook how good the famous songs are just because they are famous — that is also too easy to do; as odd as it sounds, we don’t always appreciate the songs we like (and not just because radio deejays told us to like them).  Certainly this song gives us the distinctive Men at Work sound: Greg Ham’s saxophone.  Such is not to say they were the only band with a significant saxophone component, but Greg Ham’s saxophone riffs on “Who Can It Be Now?” announce this is not just the same-old pop-rock experience, even if the song has become commonplace.  Certainly Colin Hay’s Australian timbre adds to the distinctive nature of the band and the album, and their nationality certainly informs a good deal of the social issues discussed on this album and others (as it always does for every artist).  Lyrically, it seems like a simple “Go away, I’m tired” song buoyed by a catchy musical score, but the tail-end of verse two gives us a glimpse of the deeper lyrical skill of Colin Hay.  There may be some connection to Pink Floyd’s The Wall, here: the “he” knocking all this time may be the narrator himself, not an external force, if the narrator is a hidden psychological facet of the main person.  “I’ve done no harm, I keep to myself; / There’s nothing wrong with my state of mental health. / I like it here with my childhood friend; / Here they come, those feelings again!”  If the “he” knocking is the conscious mind of the narrator trying to rescue the actual singing voice person, perhaps the knocking is a positive thing after all, and the whole song is a deep exploration of identity, health, sanity, and society.  The Pink Floyd connection would be then if the knocker is a friend or someone trying to help the person come out of the shell/supposed security that may be doing more harm than good.  The bridge, though, could disabuse this interpretation, sending it all into a Kafka Trial-like or Dostoyevsky Crime and Punishment-like situation.  Or the person is just bonkers and paranoid.  In any event, there’s more to it than just a catchy pop/new wave song.

“I Can See It in Your Eyes” has a dreamlike quality about it, caught up in a prescient awareness of the impending future, memories of the distant past, and a sharpening awareness of the present.  The electronic sounds undergirding it aid the mystical, introspective aspects, which is rather impressive considering how early on in the electronic music age this came to us.  As the narrator’s understanding strengthens throughout the song, I’m not sure if we are to grow in sorrow for him or appreciation, as his ability to appraise the situation and her needs/desires does not imply deeply felt regret: he may be ready to move on to something more as well, now that he is a more cognizant person himself.  Losing her could be what they both need.  (Personally, I found this song ironically refreshing as I recently threw away a number of old high school photographs days before hearing it again, and I, too, did not feel sad about it — it was very freeing.  I have my memories and other photographs; I don’t need to keep all the stuff of the past.)

“Down Under” is an odd one.  It’s the other famous one you remember, the jaunty groove with a chorus that makes you think it’s a patriotic song about how proud they are to be Australian.  But that’s not really what it’s about.  Australia, like all countries, has a complicated past, and this song tries to remind us about that, not encourages us to wave flags and slam a Foster’s into us as fast as possible in blind devotion and celebration.  The narrator of the song is some travelling drug addict (“head full of zombie”; “Lying in a den in Bombay”) who benefits greatly from the kindness of strangers, many of whom give him food, and despite their generosity and international camaraderie, he still thinks he is superior to others because of his material prosperity and his country’s prosperity — a prosperity, like all 1st World countries’, derived at least in historical part from plunder, conflict, stereotyping, oppression, and the like.  Not to forget the gender distinction of women in a positive light and men doing nothing but plundering and chundering (vomiting).  But still.  It’s a catchy tune, and the song does not want us to think so wholly lowly of Australia as I may have just made it out to sound.  It’s a song that reminds us our patriotism must be tempered by a proper understanding of history, for good or ill.

The quintessential Men at Work/Greg Ham saxophone shines through in “Underground” as well, so much so you may think this “Who Can It Be Now?” if you aren’t paying enough attention immediately, though you’ll recognize it as Men At Work instantly.  This is a very clever song, one of the more overtly political commentary tracks on the album.  The opening lines tell us we have a responsibility not to give in to the Decision Makers and Thought Police (or whomever) who have taken over: keep fighting the good fight.  The eponymous “underground” seems to be where the rich and powerful live now that life on the surface of the planet has become some post-apocalyptic 1984/V for Vendetta dystopia of bureaucratic food lines and gun control.  The end of the song seems like we are on some sort of commando raid among the wealthy elite in the underground, adding to the dynamic atmosphere and energy of the number, always driven by the saxophone line.

I would normally pronounce the title of the next song “helpless aww-TOM-a-tahn,” but that’s not how the song says it: “helpless auto-MAY-ton.”  We can forgive this pronunciation, as it occurs, I think, solely to fit the metrical pattern of the lyrical line, and since Homer did that all the time and Shakespeare and Milton did that all the time, surely Men at Work can do it here.  I’m no expert on New Wave music, but I suspect this song may be the most New Wavy of the album; at least it’s the most sci-fi contemporary of the album, coming out around the same time as John Sladeck’s Roderick and a little after Asimov’s Bicentennial Man (though several other robot-themed movies and novels had been out for some time, certainly).  It does have that mechanical sound to it, indeed, driven by the synthesized sounds of the keyboard.  I don’t have proof the band read any of those, but it is odd how this song came out at a time when robotics was seeing not just a resurgence but the beginnings of palpability (Data on Next Generation is only about five years away).  This song sounds a little different as well being sung not by Colin Hay but by saxophone/flute/keyboard man Greg Ham.  In our present age of all-powerful and frightening cyborgs and Terminators and Information Superhighway-powered Drones and Probes, a song about a “helpless” automaton seems even more bizarre.  Sure, some of the rhymes may seem a little forced, but don’t they usually, though?

Side Two

Side two opens with a song seemingly innocuous, especially in the relative shallowness of its verses, but the song has become frighteningly more relevant today than when it first came out: “People Just Love to Play with Words.”  We live in an age in which it seems each year They decide to redefine some term or concept or idea: marriage, love, justice, family, words ending in –phobic, respect — all sorts of words, for good or ill, have been redefined lately, and while it has not been “playing,” and has very serious ramifications for all of us who have a more accurate grasp on reality, it has a similar sort of capriciousness to it (albeit a more anti-traditional vindictive capriciousness, if such a thing is possible).  I certainly don’t want to delve too much into contemporary political commentary (longtime readers surely know by now I have very little involvement in the “now” anyway), but it has been a very bizarre thing to witness, a phenomenon more manifest by this song, even if the song did not intend to prophecy the deconstructive 21st century.

“Be Good Johnny” may seem naïvely simple, but it is another clever song from Men at Work making this album far richer than most think it is (which, of course, is the point of this article).  This is a prequel to “Johnny B. Goode,” in which young Johnny is being confronted by all sorts of authority figures who assume living life their way is the way to go.  Now, we have just lamented somewhat the current trend of rejecting tradition (a trend that has been around for so long it has effectively become a tradition itself, ironically), but the traditions of this song are not really good ones: they’re just the safe, convenient anti-individual sort of thing Society wants you to do (as good-intentioned as the grownups may be) — don’t rock the boat, do the things we all love doing (football, cricket), learn a trade not important beautiful life things — those sorts of “traditions.”  Instead of all that palaver, young Johnny just wants to dream and yet he still manages to be a good boy and honor his parents, even if he isn’t on some sort of fast track to a lucrative career.  The catchiest part of the song is the repetitive but fun chorus, even though the chorus consists solely of tendentious authoritative advice, none of which Johnny needs.  Combined with the dialogue and various musical sections, this is a very good song.

The middle of the second side is another overtly socio-political commentary track, “Touching the Untouchables,” and I admit I suspect my interpretation of this song could be way off.  Surely our initial thoughts when hearing or reading the title of the song is “it’s about India,” but I don’t think it’s directly about India.  Since Men at Work are from Australia not England, I’m not sure there’s an immediate visceral/historical connection there — though, it could have some connections to the caste system, indeed; Colin Hay is a very intelligent songwriter.  It seems to me this song is about the financially struggling, the homeless, the downtrodden of society, the ones we sort of think we want to help, but as the song says “in the end you know / You turn away.”  It’s an important message, yet even in its criticism it does not descend into excoriation.  “What can I say?” is the response to “You turn away,” not “What a filthy unchristian hypocrite you are, rich guy!”  Musically, it’s very much a product of its time, with a Police-like reggae/New Wave rhythm, but it’s very distinct from the Police, especially in the saxophone triplet-like interjections during the chorus — they are very hard to describe and initially seem out of place, but the more one listens to the song the more these bizarre sounds fit completely with the complete musical/lyrical experience.

One gets the sense by this point the album is slowing down.  “People Just Love to Play with Words” is jaunty, “Be Good Johnny” is only slightly slower if at all, “Touching the Untouchables” uses a much different reggae-like 6/8-feel, all leading into “Catch a Star,” another reggae/not-reggae song with a grove totally distinct from the rest of the album (I almost said “fresh,” there, sorry).  It’s the most “traditional love song” on the album, and since it sounds nothing like a traditional love song nor musically what the title may imply rhythmically or tempo-wise, that’s saying something about Men at Work’s creativity (even if only for such a vibrant yet brief period).  In a world of isolation and complication and destruction, it’s nice to have someone you love with you along life’s journey.  I’m not sure if the “star” is the sweet boo the narrator has by him through this thing called life, but that interpretation works for me — maybe it’s something like having successfully wished for love on a falling star, he caught the star and got his wish fulfilled.  I don’t know.  But it’s a nice number and not worthy of being denigrated as an album filler.

Finally, “Down by the Sea” shows how patient the band can be.  “Underground”’s longer-than-expected introduction previewed this for us as well.  It may seem disproportionate to call Men at Work a “patient” band here, since most of the album offerings are about 3:30 long with “Down by the Sea” the only truly long number (almost seven minutes), and as a band they only released three albums in just over five years of corporate existence (with most of this crew not even on the third album), but since numerical statistics are poor support for authentic temperament, I eschew those in favor of focusing solely on this song as proof the band could sustain a musical and lyrical experience if they wanted to.  It’s somewhat hard to tell how many verses this song has (four, maybe five), considering the interludes or pre-choruses or choruses or whatever the kids are calling them are so different from each other.  Musically, the band blends exceptionally well on this final dream-like number.  Jerry Speiser’s drums are exceptionally complementary here (their sound throughout the album has a distinct ’80s quality about them, especially in the timbre and duration of the cymbal crashes).  Greg Ham’s wind instruments are almost lyrical themselves; John Rees’s bass and Ron Strykert’s guitar likewise support the entire tonal experience.  It’s quite tempting to call this my favorite song on the album, in part because it is so unlike the rest of the album, and yet these ten distinct songs all sound wholly and quintessentially Men at Work songs.  That the song is about languorously living on the beach with no cares is icing on the cake, as the kids say.  And you know how much I love the ocean.

Man at Rest

There’s nothing “usual” about this album: the songs are all distinct yet united, the sounds are noticeably familiar yet refreshingly unexpected.  The lifestyles and experiences sung of are both cautionary and introspective.  Put aside the labels; ignore the overly-familiar “greatest hits” aspects that lend to too-easily-trite pseudo-appreciation.  This is a top notch album from a time when experimentation and synthesization threatened to replace “great” with “different” for different’s sake.  Get this album and enjoy it again and again.  Perhaps it will take you back to a simpler time, clarify your thinking about life and love and government and society and individuality, or better yet encourage you to go live by the sea and cast away your worries and your cares.  What more could you want from an album?

2022 P.S. – I now do own the album on vinyl, if that makes you feel better. If it doesn’t, it’s still true.

Two on Song of Myself: Discerning the Meaning of Meaningless Poems and Unentwining the Deadness from Being Alive

Alice Minium

Whitman probably would not have considered himself a teacher, let alone the guru of words and wisdom that the modern world has made him out to be.

In his own time, Whitman was, by all accounts, the simplest of men. He was not stuffy or pretentious, as we are when we sit in our classrooms debating the intellectual finer points of whether or not Whitman might have been gay.

He probably would have laughed had he known entire classrooms of students would spend hours dissecting the meaning of his punctuation and his reasons for ending a line. “Who was the 29th bather?!” we ask wretchedly, clawing at our eyes and throwing our hands to the sky in exasperation.

The funny thing is that Whitman probably didn’t even know.

Poetry is transmutation, an incarnation of abstraction into the tangible plane of mind and linear ideas, and poetry by its nature does not bend to our linear laws, nor is it defined by them. The laws serve poetry in conveying its purpose, and the way they fall and are constructed so delicately infers to us, like fingerprints, traces of the soul of the poem, but they are not in essence the poem itself- only fragments. A poem is not its words, symbols, punctuation breaks, or any other syntactical components. A poem is an energy above, within, and without all of that.

The poem is what you hear between the lines, that which can only be implied in words — that which speaks directly to the soul, like sacred wind chimes, an ancient siren cry of summoning to our inner self that knows more than world, “Wake up.” That is the part of us that receives poetry, if we are receiving it properly.

 Much like music, which is not simply heard, it is utterly felt and inspires raw physiological and spiritual reactions within us, and draws out emotion endlessly like water from a well. Have you ever heard a song from your childhood, and tried not to feel anything as you listen? It is impossible.

Though we live mostly in mind (thanks to modern life) and to a small extent within the body, most of who and what we are is completely and utterly Soul.

Soul masters all of that, and mind can say, “Feel nothing,” but the Soul will not obey, as it cannot be extracted from its other manifestations. Soul is inherent in all things, the thread which flows within and between all entities, and we cannot escape it, for we are Soul. All of the universe is Soul.

It is to our Souls that Whitman speaks most directly and profoundly. It is our Souls upon which he impresses an indentation of exotic and primal laughter, and it is our Souls to whom Whitman sings. He flirts with our souls, mesmerizes our souls, challenges our souls, calls our souls into our bodies with his words like fast magnets zapping consciousness into our molecules and presence into our nucleotides and irrefutable magic into our moments. It is the Soul within us we find so entranced by the words of Whitman.

Whitman would not have called himself a teacher, for he laughed at the Men of Mind peddling words and playing Jenga with interlocking thoughts and dreams and transmutations endlessly, day after day, forever entranced with analysis and forgetting to live. Whitman would have said that it is better to play in the grass than to read a hundred books, or better to sing a song of joy than to study for hours and master the algorithms of matter and math.

He had this very Christ-like notion of drinking from the raw tap of human experience, a very Taoist ideal of this very moment and all that it contains being the infinite sum total of all things.

Such a mentality is the “Stop” at the end of the telegram; such fullness needs no motion. Yet through motion, and the interplay of opposites, smoke curls, flowers bloom … and the universe comes to know itself.

Every expression, every action, every entity, every tangible and intangible thing are simply the universe laughing, playing with herself, stretching her arms out, writing a poem in a thousand different languages and via a thousand different mediums.

Such is the myriad dimension and delirium of the canvas of life. Its nature cannot be known in mute, fixed laws. It is not mechanistic, dead, or inert. It cannot be known by grammatical structure or the arrangement of words within poetry.

It cannot be dissected by taking apart all the components of a radio, hoping to find music, or disentangling from the thoracic cavity all the organs of the body, hoping to find life. You will find only machines and matter there.

Life cannot be mapped, cannot be defined, cannot be extracted, cannot be indirectly known. You must know it yourself. You must meet it for yourself. You must hear it yourself, drink from its well yourself, and play with it yourself. Life cannot be taught, you must touch it yourself.

It is not earned, or learned, or acquired, and Whitman would have laughed at any who claimed him as teacher of elite sacred spiritual arts. Whitman’s spiritual truth was knowable to every human, and to every nonhuman despite their category, already.

Whitman’s spiritual truth was Being Alive. Whitman was, above all, truly the teacher of that. We can eviscerate and analyze his poetry for years yearning to tap the meaning from its component parts, but that is not where his teaching lies, and that is not how we will know it.

“Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems?/ Stop this day and night with me and you shall possess the origin of all poems” (section 2: line 18-19).

We have felt so proud of our meanings, but the joke is that there’s nothing to discover or extract from them that we don’t already have — there is nothing we can ever find whose origin is not the same as our very own.

“Stop with me, and you shall possess the origin of all poems.” Stop with me, and feel for yourself. Breathe for yourself. Touch for yourself. Drink for yourself. Taste it yourself.

Do you feel that? That is meaning. Do you hear that? That is the poem. And of that, above all, we can be our only teacher.